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ROLE OF SPORTS IN BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION OF YOUTH

ROLE OF SPORTS IN BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION OF YOUTH IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

The study examined Role of Sports in Behaviour Modification of Youth in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Objectively, five research questions were formulated. The survey design was used in the study. The sample size was 333. 333 questionnaires were administered to the respondents, but 296 were answered correctly. So 296 questionnaires were used in the study. The data gathered were analysed using simple percentage, frequency and mean. The studies revealed that in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State the causes of deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes are financial pressure, pressure from coach, lack of moral code, following deviant role models and pressure to win; the forms of deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes are bullying, hazing, fighting, use of abusive language and telling of lies; the consequences caused by deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes are damaging of sport reputation, punishment and bans, loss of credibility, loss of trust by fans and becoming a negative role model; the roles of sport in behaviour modification among youths-athletes are relaxation enhancement, stress reduction, sleep improvement, primary therapy in managing a multitude of disorders and participation enhancement in physical activity. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded and recommended that the strategies that can be adopted in behaviour modification of youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State are punishment by giving yellow cards or red cards to deny athletes chances of continuing to play, behavioural contracting to control indiscipline, giving reinforcement for good behaviour, using time-outs strong enough to motivate the athlete perform the desired behaviour and using reward system to motivate athletes respectively.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Human society subscribes to the tenets of good behaviour among the citizenry. Josephson (2019) described a person’s behaviour as his/her dispositions, values, and habits that determine the way that person responds to desires, fears, challenges, opportunities, failures and successes in life. A positive behaviour comprises practice of acts such as respect, honesty, fairness, reliability and openness (Stoll and Beller, 2021). On the other hand, negative behaviour comprises anti-social and unethical practices such as dishonesty, unhealthy competition and aggression, cheating and doping (Yanklowitz, 2019). David and Miller (2018) and DeRoche (2020) observe that behaviour is neither inherited nor is it about reputation. It is about offering a youth the opportunities to clarify, reflect, decide and practice virtues such as respect, responsibility, perseverance, honesty, ethical problem solving and decision making. Good behaviour should therefore be nurtured and bad behaviour corrected (David & Miller, 2018). CorneliBen and Pfeifer (2019) indicated that sports help in transforming the behaviour of young people through its teaching of behavioral habits such as motivation, confidence and perseverance. Thus, sports can provide for opportunities for youths to learn skills that are in line with the six pillars of behaviour namely; trustworthy, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and good citizenship (Arizona Sports Summit Accord, 2019). Ong’ong’a et al. (2020) concurred that participation in sports is a ground for acquisition of desirable behaviour traits such as fair play and spirit of sportsmanship, noting that youth-athletes had fewer discipline cases, were responsible and more law-abiding.

Sports are delicately interwoven within the institutions of learning in our society (Fullinwider, 2018). Sports competitions are regularly held at all levels of education, especially in high school, colleges and universities. Besides the enrichment of high school experiences, they aid in fulfillment of the education mission of nurturing positive behaviour traits such as sportsmanship, fair play, teamwork, respect, citizenship, health and welfare of all youths (Fullinwider, 2018). Bredemeier and Shields (2018) assert that sports can empower the youth with the core values of the society which is a major component of the behaviour modification outcome. Moreover, participation in sports is important in teaching youths a wide range of positive social outcomes including reduced youth crime, reduced truancy, improved physical fitness and being active citizens (Yanklowitz, 2019). It is therefore evident that school sports are powerful agents of socialization that may, under the right circumstances, have positive influence on the youth (President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports [PCPFS], 2018; Sport England, 2019; Yanklowitz, 2019). However, Bredemeier and Shields (2018) observe that, contrary to the belief that ‘sports build character’, behaviour is taught and learned in a sports setting thus the setting provides an enabling environment for behaviour modification. In some cases, sports teams emphasize on or even allow for modification of behaviour vices such as aggressiveness, unhealthy competition, deviance, bullying, violence, fighting, and other unsportsmanlike conduct (Edmudson, 2019; Fullinwider, 2018; Yanklowitz, 2019). Additionally, negative behaviour may be adopted from peer pressure and lack of cooperation skills as well as from modeling bad examples. Camiré and Trudel (2020) found that majority of athletes in high school settings appear to believe that social behaviour best describes the modification that occurs in sport and that gamesmanship is employed and legitimized as being part of the game. Furthermore, negative behaviour aspects such as risky substance abuse which are rampant in uncontrolled sports settings (Callender, 2020) can erode the benefits of sports such as building the healthy body, creating a stronger resilient will power, imparting confidence and stimulating bravery (Edmudson, 2019). Fights also happen among fans and spectators (Houlihan, 2019), compounding potential of negative outcome of sports experiences.

It is clear that behaviour outcomes of sports participation can be positive or negative. Therefore, it is against the background that the study seeks to examine the role of sports in behaviour modification of youths in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

The notion that participation in sports is effective for promotion of behaviour has been in existence since ancient times (Bredemeier & Shield, 2018). Besides muscle modification, behaviour modification is widely believed to be acquired through participation in sports (Edmudson, 2019). Consequently, school administrators have encouraged students to participate in competitive sports as a way of acquiring desirable behaviour traits (PCPFS, 2018). However, in some cases, sports teams emphasize on or even allow for modification of behaviour vices such as aggressiveness, unhealthy competition, deviance, bullying, violence, fighting, and other unsportsmanlike conduct (Edmudson, 2019; Ekeh, 2019; Fullinwider, 2018; Priest, Krause & Beach, 2019; & Yanklowitz, 2019). Additionally, negative behaviour may be adopted from peer interaction and lack of cooperation skills. Moreover, the benefits such as building healthy body, creating a stronger resilient will power, imparting confidence and stimulating bravery (Edmudson, 2019) are eroded by negative behaviour aspects such as risky substance abuse (Callender, 2020). Fights also happen among fans and spectators (Houlihan, 2019).

Despite continued participation in competitive sports in secondary schools, students are increasingly becoming deviant in and out of the field and this has a negative impact on education, politics and economics aspects. This leads to enormous wastage of material resources, man power, time and even human life (Bredemeier and Shields, 2018; Kombo, 2019; Stoll and Beller, 2021; Njoroge, 2018). Although these studies looked at psychosociological aspects among youths, no study concerning the influence of participation in sports on behaviour modification had been conducted hitherto. These deviant behaviours have been observed among youths in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State. This study, therefore, sought to establish the role of sports in behaviour modification of youth in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to examine the role of sports in behaviour modification of youth in Kaduna North Local Government Area.

The specific objectives of the study are to:

  1. Identify the causes of deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  2. Find out the forms of deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  3. Examine the consequences caused by deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  4. Examine the role of sport in behaviour modification among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area.
  5. Find out the strategies that can be adopted in behaviour modification of youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area.

1.4     Research Questions

            The following research questions are to guide the study:

  1. What are the causes of deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  2. What are the forms of deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  3. What are the consequences caused by deviant behaviour in sports among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State
  4. What is the role of sport in behaviour modification among youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area?
  5. What are the strategies that can be adopted in behaviour modification of youths-athletes in Kaduna North Local Government Area?

1.5     Significance of the Study

Studies that have been done about participation in competitive sports concerning youths in Kaduna North Local Government Area have focused more on academic attainment. So far no study has been conducted to determine the role of sports in behaviour modification among youths in Kaduna North Local Government Area. The results of the study helped to understand whether participation in competitive sports influences behaviour modification among youths in Kaduna North Local Government Area.

This study is expected to be significant to several stakeholders, such as Ministry of Youths and Sports, Youth Sport Association Officials, school administrators, parents, community, students/researchers, government and government agencies.

This study’s findings are of benefit to the Ministry of Youths and Sports by getting an insight into the role played by sports on positive behaviour modification of youths.

By highlighting the contextual factors that influence, the study’s findings informs the Youth Sports Association officials to insist on the need for good behaviour as they hold pre-participation briefs.

The findings of this study will help community on how to check the continue occurrence of the negative behaviour of youths during sports competition.

Additionally, the findings may be utilized by the school administrators to use sports participation as a platform to insist on the desirable behaviour traits expected for all youths. Parents may as well use the findings of this study to encourage their daughters/sons to add effort on participation in competitive sports for positive behaviour modification.

It will also help and be a valuable source of academic and policy material on the existing body of knowledge on the subject of behaviour modification in Nigeria and its role among youths as other researchers can as well build and borrow a leaf from it while carrying out similar research.

Moreover, literature that is availed by this study is of benefit in providing for an existing gap in the understanding of the role of sports participation on behaviour modification of youths in Nigeria.

1.6     Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is delimited to Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State and is on the Role of Sports in Behaviour Modification of Youths in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.7     Operational Definition of Terms

Behaviour Modification: This can be referred to as the techniques used to try and decrease or increase a particular type of behavior or reaction. 

Behaviour: Composite of good moral qualities that include firmness of belief, resolution and practice of such moral values as integrity/honesty, sense of responsibility, respect, sportsmanship and good citizenship. It is conducting oneself in socially acceptable manner.

Role: A Socially expected behaviour pattern usually determined by an individual’s status in a particular society.

Sport: Form of physical activity or game.

Youth: Young people

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SELF-EFFICACY AND JOB PERFORMANCE

INFLUENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION PRACTITIONERS IN CHIKUN LGA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

This study finds out the influence of self-efficacy and job performance of adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population comprised of two Non-Governmental Organizations rendering social welfare services in Kaduna State namely; Hope for the Village Child Foundation which enhances community development. The research questions that guided the study were: What is the relationship between self-efficacy and social workers’ commitment to their jobs in rural areas? What is the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement of job tasks by social workers in rural areas? What is the relationship between deep understanding of job specifications and achievement of job tasks by social workers in rural areas? What is the relationship between persistence and achievement of job tasks by social workers in rural areas? Simple percentages and mean were used to analyze the data based on the research questions. Research results showed the following: There was a significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and social workers’ commitment to their jobs in rural areas in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. There was a significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and achievement of job tasks by social workers in rural areas in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. There was a significant positive relationship between deep understanding of job specifications and achievement of job tasks by social workers in rural areas in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. There was a significant positive relationship between persistence and job performance of social workers in rural areas with reference to Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. It was recommended among others that Since it was found out that self- efficacy was positively and significantly related to Social workers’ cognitive engagement, program designers and managers should formulate programs and activities that will develop and maintain self-efficacy among social workers, develop activities that will also boost their cognitive engagement and interest in their job specifications. Such activities will help improve social workers’ achievement. Findings of the study proved that job performance was positively and significantly related to social workers’ self-efficacy, programme designers and managers of welfare services in Kaduna state, Nigeria are required to set high standard, aspirations and expectations for social workers by evolving programs aimed at encouraging and boosting their confidence to enhance their job performance. This should be done, by formulating realistic, specific measurable and relevant social welfare goals for social workers’ environment to build their effort, confidence, and general job performance.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Receiving a quality education is an important cornerstone in the lives of every individual. It is imperative that students have the tools they need to be successful, tools that include self-efficacy and motivation. For some students, however, motivation is not always intrinsic. Research has indicated that the relationship between students’ self-efficacy and academic achievement is an important factor in the educational sector. In fact, one of the most powerful weapons that students should strive to develop is confidence, determination and the spirit of perseverance which are elements of self-efficacy. Students who tend to lack such attributes may likely have little or no interest in sustained academic pursuit which certainly affects better achievement outcomes (Boynton & Boynton, 2015; Spilt, Koomen, & Thijs, 2019; Skinner & Green, 2018). Students’ academic activities and achievements tend to increase by their self-efficacy. This submission has been confirmed by Zimmerman and Bandura, (1994), that academic achievement involves self-efficacy belief of students, which can regulate their learning. Additionally, the learning environment plays a significant role in heightening and maintaining student self-efficacy and interest in academic activities. When students feel a sense of control and security in the classroom, they are more engaged because they approach learning with enthusiasm and vigor and become active participants in their own education (Skinner & Green, 2018).

The lack of academic achievement among secondary students is ubiquitous. There are numerous reasons why students may lose interest in school, and self-efficacy is one of the key factors. Considering that students spend about twenty-five percent of their waking hours in a classroom, it is essential that students have a strong confidence in themselves and high spirit of I-can-do-it. This creates a problem for both the teacher and the student. Throughout an average school day, teachers frequently overhear students complaining about an assignment, a class, or even a teacher. If students have positive relationships with their teachers, they will be more engaged and thus more motivated throughout each of their classes.

Effective self-efficacy is expected to produce extraordinary results in job performance irrespective of either the manufacturing or service sectors. Hence, effective self-efficacy is about self-confidence, and self-trust in modern organizations. Nowadays, in the office and other social welfare activities, managers are assigning more self-efficacy training to social workers with opportunities to strengthen their knowledge and develop their skills and self-confidence in task performance (Hartenian, 2019). Recent studies show that a social worker can produce more output as compared to other individuals when he has a high self-efficacy (Jones, Richard, Paul, Sloane & Peter, 2017).

Self-efficacy is expected to enhance organizational cohesion or integration consequently giving rise to harmonization of efforts among social workers resulting in higher productivity. Organizational culture, job description, job satisfaction, skills and qualifications of social workers together with the organizational structure will help in enhancing the job performance of social workers towards achieving the target of the organization (Higgins,2019).

 Currently, many organizational disciplines have adopted self-efficacy as essential in achieving success and their mission statements routinely attest to the importance of self-efficacy, utilizing such words as self-worth, self-confidence, self-believe, and positive self-concept as key components (Femi, 2020). Although it is one thing for social work practitioners to assume that they have the self-efficacy components in place, it is another thing to measure the components by a defined set of attributes and then use the results of this measurement to pursue what might, in reality, be missing in the self-efficacy model within a given organization. Events of mass effect require self-efficacy among social workers in any given area, whether rural or urban areas.

Effective teamwork is therefore about creating procedures and policies for conflict resolution. Every team member has the responsibility of expressing his or her opinions without offending anyone in the team. Effective teamwork is as a result of the team leader setting a good example, which can then be emulated by all the team members in the group. To keep the team committed, positive, and motivated, the team leader has to apply the necessary leadership qualities to help achieve the organizational goals as cited by (Denhardt, 2008).

According to Abdulkadir (2012), an office professional is someone who is often found in the office making sure all correspondents are dealt with at the appropriate time. The work of an office professional which can be organizing meeting, taking minute of meetings, welcoming visitors and others is very important to the success of every organization as deficiencies in their work may have a heavy hit on the financial stands of an organization as such the need for office professionals to be part of teamwork is of great importance. An office professionals maintains the smooth running of an office through a variety of administrative and clerical duties. They handle office schedules, coordinate meetings and visits, organize files, answer phones and perform a huge array of other essential tasks. Office professionals generally work directly for organization or office management, depending on their experience may also supervise other clerical staff.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

Every organization, either large or small, struggles to acquire productivity so as to achieve success and maintain a valuable image in this present world of organizational competitions. And it is the wish of organizations to see the input they use (resources) and the output (goods and services produced) they have at the end being put in the most effective and efficient use.

The population of employees in an organization may be very large and yet that organization will be achieving a very low productivity and with no improvement in their products. Could this occur as a result of absence of teamwork in such organizations? And if it is, then, there are other organizations that have teams and yet achieve little or no productivity at all. It may be as a result of the following problems: Lack of Teamwork among their employees: That is; the failure of an organization to coordinate works into work groups in order to tap from the respective human resources of the organization process. So also, absence of teamwork may be attributed to lack of cooperation among the office professionals. Factors that militate against team work in an Organization: The conditions permanently occurring in an organization (lack of picking up of innovative ideas) like the absence of designing motivational programs, educational growth, bonuses, job rotation and the use of old technologies, and so on etc, may be attributed to as the effect of teamwork among office professionals. These problems have not been empirically verified, hence this study embarked upon in order to determine the effect of teamwork among office professionals.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study was to find out the influence of self-efficacy and job performance of adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. The specific objectives are to:

  1. Find out the influence of self-efficacy on adult education practitioners’ commitment to their jobs in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State.
  2. Determine the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State.
  3. Find out the relationship between deep understanding of job specifications and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State.
  4. Find out the relationship between persistence and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State.

1.4       Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

  1. What is the influence of self-efficacy on adult education practitioners’ commitment to their jobs in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State?
  2. What is the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State?
  3. What is the relationship between deep understanding of job specifications and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State?
  4. What is the relationship between persistence and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State?

1.5       Significance of the Study

The study finds out the influence of self-efficacy and job performance of adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. The significance of a study of this magnitude cannot be over emphasized as it will contribute a lot to existing body of literature and all stakeholders in adult education, adult learners, parents, counsellors, and the Agency for Adult and Non-formal Education will benefit from the research findings.

Available literature shows that empirical researches in the area of the influence of self-efficacy on the job performance of adult education practitioners in the area under study is rare. If any, not as robust as the present study or in the direction of the objectives of this study. Besides, no study of this nature has been conducted within the period of this study when there are significant socio-economic pressures, advancements in adult education, teacher satisfaction etc. especially in rural areas that are seriously affected by high illiteracy level. This present study will fill this gap. The findings will provide effective guidelines in the area of programme and planning of adult education by adult education practitioners in such a manner that will enhance teaching and learning among adult instructors and adult learners for the development of adult education in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

 The findings of the study will provide a baseline information to practitioners of adult education about the factors affecting their self-efficacy, achievement of job tasks, deep understanding of job specifications and what they need to do to remedy the situation. Furthermore, educational psychologists, adult instructors, adult education programme designers, counsellors, etc will use the findings as a reference material. They will be helped to understand the psychosocial variables responsible for adult education ptactitioners’ self-efficacy leading to their success or failure in their job performances. The study will also provide a direction for improved policy statements by policy makers in adult and non-formal education sector which will enhance the development adult education practice in Chikun Local Government Area. Such improved policy statements that will be enacted based on empirical results from this study will provide guidelines that will cater for problematic and challenging areas of directing, monitoring and evaluating adult education activities for sustainability and maximum achievement of the sector.

The scholarly importance of the study cannot be over emphasized as in-coming students and other researchers will use this work as a reference material for their own researches. They could refer to the methodology used, the methods of data presentation or the methods used in statistical analysis.

1.6              Scope of the Study

The study finds out the influence of self-efficacy and job performance of adult education practitioners in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State. An examination of the influence of self-efficacy on adult education practitioners’ commitment to their jobs in Chikun LGA, Kaduna State, the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners in the area, the relationship between deep understanding of job specifications and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners as well as the relationship between persistence and achievement of job tasks by adult education practitioners fall within the scope of the study. Only questionnaire was used as the primary source of data. Results are confined to Chikun LGA of Kaduna State.

1.7       Definition of Terms

The following terms are contextually defined:

Achievement: Achievement is defined as the level of job performance results demonstrated adult education practitioners.

Adult Education: Educational provisions made for the adult population who no longer attend formal school on a regular or full time basis.

Adult Education Practitioners: All those employed in the adult education sector including the instructors, and all other non-teaching staff.

Job Commitment: To occupy a adult education practitioners’ attention and interest in their job tasks; not demonstrating off-task behaviours, participating in work activities through independently working on job tasks, contributing to work group discussions or working on job tasks with colleagues.

Low Achievement: Inability of an adult education practitioner to meet up with job performance expectations both in oral and written contributions.

Momentary Time Sampling: At ten-minute interval points when the management observes whether adult education practitioners are engaging in off-task behaviours.

Negative Relationships: These relationships include team leaders and adult education practitioners who do not foster a welcoming environment. They hold all the power and the target beneficiaries do not feel a sense of belonging or control.

Off-task Behaviours: These behaviours include sleeping, head down, excessive discussion on unrelated subjects, cell phone use not related to the job task, wandering purposelessly around the work environment, or completing work not related to the job specification.

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Academic Project

ACADEMIC PROJECT

What is an Academic Project?

Academic ProjectAn academic project is a formal document whose major sections include an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions and recommendations. The process of writing and presenting an academic project is guided by certain rules. These rules may vary depending on the level of education, institution, or the supervisor. OpenBook offers high standard academic project writing services strictly following the rules provided in order to represent the students’ contribution to the body of knowledge.

Formulating a Project Title of a Project

A comprehensive project title should be brief and must identify the population of interest, and the independent and dependent variables. Students should also adhere to the stipulated requirements related to the length of the project title.

Preparing an Abstract

An abstract should provide a summary of the academic project. Generally, an abstract is placed before the table of contents. A comprehensive abstract should highlight all the essential aspects of the project. Students should be cautious not to exceed the required length of the abstract that is estimated at 150-250 words. A comprehensive summary should highlight the project’s hypothesis, objectives, methodology, and findings.

Guidelines for Writing the Introduction

In the introduction section, the student should highlight the problem area and discuss its significance. A comprehensive introduction should contain the research questions, objectives, and hypotheses that will guide the academic project. Students should distinguish an introduction from a literature review. Whereas the introduction utilizes existing literature to highlight a problem area, the section does not synthesize the referenced studies.

Conducting a Literature Review

Conducting a Literature ReviewLiterature review forms the second chapter of dissertations and theses. A comprehensive literature review highlights students’ ability to identify relevant scholarly works and synthesize their findings. Literature reviews should utilize current articles to inform future readers of the existing knowledge and establish a context for conducting their intended academic projects. The contents of a literature review should correlate to the formulated hypothesis and research questions. For example, an academic study may be intended to improve on the existing knowledge related to the implementation of bed alarms as a fall prevention intervention. Consequently, the accompanying literature review should synthesize the current knowledge related to the utilization of bed alarms in hospital settings. A student should highlight the existing knowledge gaps in the available literature that justify the proposed academic project. For instance, previous studies may have investigated the influence of bed alarms in preventing falls among geriatric patients. A student may identify a need to narrow the focus of their research to geriatric patients who have been diagnosed with chronic mental illnesses. A comprehensive literature synthesis should highlight the existing knowledge gap related to the limited studies that focused on a specific population.

Guidelines for Writing the Method/Approach Section

The methodology section should contain a discussion of the design and project implementation plan. The method section should be detailed and comprehensive to promote replicability. A project’s methodology comprises the intended population, setting, instrumentation, data collection, data analysis, and ethical considerations. A subsection may be introduced to discuss the formulated project procedure. The procedure should highlight all the executed steps and treatments performed on the independent variables to study the changes in the dependent variables. The methodology section should also highlight the proposed data analysis techniques. Students should identify the software used and data analysis tests conducted to guarantee the replicability of their academic projects.

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The length of the findings section often varies between qualitative and quantitative projects. The findings of a qualitative study may be lengthy because of the need to discuss the identified themes and their correlation to the formulated research questions. In the case of quantitative research, the findings ought to be tabulated because they fundamentally comprise statistics. The findings section should be followed by a discussion of the implications of the concluded academic project. The discussion section explains the observed outcomes. A comprehensive discussion should highlight the identified limitations and provide a basis for conducting future studies.

Factors to Consider When Writing an Academic Project

Factors to Consider when Writing an Academic ProjectStudents may sometimes have several ideas on their academic project but no specific research question. Our writers, therefore, come in handy to help you identify a topic that will address specific research questions. They do so by thoroughly examining previous Scholarly sources to identify areas that need further research. After identifying a topic, the next important stage is to refine your topic to bring out what issue you are investigating. Our writers offer expert help to enable you bring out your argument and clearly outline the problem or gap you want to address.

Conducting literature review is an important step in project writing. You need to be able to demonstrate why your research is important and how it will expand on knowledge in that particular field. Our company helps you conduct a literature review, which is a review of material that has already been published in relevant peer-reviewed journal articles and books. Our writers through years of experience are keen on using references that you or your supervisor recommended and that are most recent and relevant to your project. There are ethical considerations for all academic projects regardless of methodology. When offering help in writing academic projects, our writers help you strengthen your project by addressing ethics that govern project writing. Our writers understand that academic projects that do not observe ethics may be rejected.

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SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN’S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CHILDREN’S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

The study examined Influence of Social Media on Children’s Social Development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Objectively, three research questions were formulated. The survey design was used in the study. The sample size was 152. 152 questionnaires were administered to the respondents and returned answered correctly. So 152 questionnaires were used in the study. The data gathered were analysed using simple percentage frequency and mean. The findings revealed that the types of social media networking sites frequently used by children in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State are Facebook, twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube, and messenger; the positive influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State are that social media platforms encourage children to communicate with peers and family members, which can help improve their written communication skills; social media can help children get connected with people from diverse backgrounds and cultures; social media allows children to showcase their creativity and talents; social media helps children to have access to educational content; children can access research material; children can access tutorial; and that social media can raise awareness about important social issues; the negative influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State are that social media exposes children to pornography; engaging in academic forums on yahoo reduces rate of understanding; social media can contribute to increased levels of and loneliness among children and adolescents; social media can contribute to increased levels of anxiety and depression among children and adolescents; the use of social media late at night can disrupt sleep patterns in children; excessive time spent on social media may reduce the time children spend on physical activities; and that excessive social media use can be a distraction from schoolwork and academic responsibilities. Based on the findings, conclusion was drawn and recommendations given that parents and teachers should monitor what teenagers and youth of school age are doing with their mobile phones; parents, guidance/teachers should ensure that teenagers and youth exposure to social media is for basically academic purpose.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

The introduction of digital technology into children’s daily life interferes with numerous developmental milestones that kids should reach. Their daily activities are made simpler and more effective by technology. Television, the internet, video games, iPods, iPads, and other entertainment technology have developed so quickly that families are essentially ignorant of the enormous influence and lifestyle changes in their families (Rowan, 2017). Even young children are now able to utilize goods of technical complexity due to the sophistication and simplicity of operation of technology. In the process of learning numerous things, technology brings ease and diversity. Technology that allows for sound and visual stimuli at the same time makes children able to learn many things at a time. Especially since the advent of multifunctional smartphones with more affordable prices has resulted in more people being able to have them, even in certain families, gadgets may have been owned by schoolchildren ranging from elementary to middle and high school, including those who are still under five (Alia Tesa and Irwansyah, 2018).

Social media can have both positive and negative effects on the social and emotional development of children. On the positive side, it provides opportunities for socialization, helping children connect with friends and family, fostering relationships, and allowing for emotional expression. However, it also exposes children to cyberbullying, unrealistic beauty standards, and the fear of missing out, which can lead to negative emotional outcomes such as anxiety and low selfesteem. The impact of social media on the cognitive development of children is multifaceted. While it can offer access to educational content and diverse information sources, excessive screen time and potential distractions can hinder attention spans and academic performance (Kowalski et al. 2018). It’s crucial to strike a balance between utilizing social media for learning and ensuring children do not become overwhelmed by its distractions. Children’s use of social media and their physical development are mostly impacted by screen time and sedentary behavior. A sedentary lifestyle, which can result in health problems including obesity, can be facilitated by prolonged usage of social media. Furthermore, late-night use might interfere with sleep cycles, which has an impact on both physical health and cognitive performance (Lenhart, 2019). Supporting children’s physical development requires promoting physical exercise and sound sleep practices while judiciously regulating screen time. Social media may have an impact on how kids behave. It gives people the confidence to take part in action and advocacy, which helps to advance good social change (Perloff, 2018). However, exposure to harmful content or interactions can lead to risky behaviors. Therefore, it is against the background that the study seeks to examine the influence of social media on children’s development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Children all across the world use social media extensively and they play a significant role in children’s daily life. Many kids begin using social media at a young age, which raises questions about whether these platforms are suitable for kids their age and what impact using them could have on their development at a crucial juncture. Children that use social media may run into a variety of hazards. Research indicates that dangers commonly cluster together, worsening with usage and rendering some more vulnerable than others. In practice, such risks might not always be so clearly distinguished. According to research, children frequently come across harmful content such as cyber hate, information about eating disorders, sexual content, and misinformation. A large portion of this content is influenced by algorithm-based recommendation systems that support the way that content is presented to users on social media platforms. Children may also experience unwelcome communication from adults who are not on their friends list or social network, who may pose serious risks by making extortion and exploitation threats. While studies reveals that children are not always aware of the hazards they may encounter or have the abilities to discern the dangers posed by strangers approaching them, children frequently exhibit confidence in their own capacity to handle such risks when forming new relationships online. Children face particular risks at a formative stage of their development through persistent experiences of bullying in social media environments. Experiences of cyberbullying are commonplace and remain among the most reported topics to helplines. Online bullying is a complex phenomenon that brings together many of the risks considered in the study, including harassment, sharing images without consent, and increased vulnerability to harmful content. The combination of risks may also be especially impactful for certain children at key formative stages. Research shows that support needs to be targeted at the most vulnerable and that support from family and peers, as well as school-based programs that support social emotional learning, mentoring, and education on online safety, can play a positive role. Further aspects of the risks considered include the many wide ranging challenges that children face as a result of the commercialized environment of social media. Children encounter issues such as unfair practices, clickbait strategies, and hidden marketing practices that contravene their rights and are not in their best interests. Research shows that children are often ill prepared with low levels of awareness of commercial practices and lack the critical skills to disaggregate marketing content in the context of their experience of social media.

Social media can have some positive effects on child development when used responsibly and in moderation. It’s important for parents and caregivers to guide and monitor a child’s social media usage to ensure these benefits are maximized.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to examine the influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

The specific objectives are to:

  1. Find out the types of social media networking sites frequently used by children in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  2. Examine the positive influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  3. Determine the negative influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.4     Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

  1. What are the types of social media networking sites frequently used by children in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  2. What is the positive influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  3. What is the negative influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State?

1.5     Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the teachers, parents and students in tertiary institution.

This study will help the teachers to know the impact that social media has on their students in tertiary institution, so as to assist them to enlighten and create awareness to the students in tertiary institution on the possible impact it has on them.

The study is of significance to parents in the sense that they will know the possible effects these social media usage have on their children, so as to serve as watch-dog to their children on the usage of the social networking site.

The study will enable the children so that they will be aware that, apart from the social benefits of this social networking site, using the sites more than necessary will pose possible dangers to their health. It will be relevant in assisting students in tertiary institution in understanding the diversity of social media. It will provide relevance material for researchers undertaking similar research. The study will help researchers with more information on the Impact of social media on children’s social development.

1.6     Scope of the Study

The study covers Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna. As an academic exercise, the study focuses on the influence of social media on children’s social development in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna. The study also focuses on the types of social media frequently used by children.

1.7     Operational Definitions of Key Terms

Children: Human beings between the ages of 10 and 25 years. They can be referred to as adolescents and Children in content of this study.

Computer: A computer is a machine that receives or stores or process data quickly according to a stored program (Wikipedia, 2020).

ICT: Information and Communication Technology (Wikipedia, 2020).

Influence: Impact or Effect

Media: Are all those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. “They are messages communicated through a mass medium to a number of people (Webster Dictionary, 2019).

Social Development: Children learning the values, knowledge and skills that enable them to relate to others.

Social Media: Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks.

Social Networking Sites: A website where people put information about them and can send to others (Surowiecki, 2005).

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IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE ON PSYCHO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE ON PSYCHO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUTHS IN CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

The study examined Impact of Drug Abuse on Psycho-Social Behaviour among Youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Objectively, five research questions were formulated. The survey design was used in the study. The sample size was 300. 300 questionnaires were administered to the respondents, but 278 were answered correctly. So 278 questionnaires were used in the study. The data gathered were analysed using simple percentage, frequency and mean. The studies revealed that in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State the level of drug abuse among youths is high; the types of drugs commonly abuse among the youths are Codeine, Cigarette, Indian Hemp and Alcohol; the causes of drug abuse among youths are peer group pressure, academic stress, anxiety and tension, and media influence; the impact of drug abuse on psycho-social behavior among youths are academic failure, examination malpractice, health problem and social vices. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded and recommended that the possible solutions to the menace of drug abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State are proper orientation of youths, counseling, enforcement of drug related laws and punishment of drug abuse users respectively.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Drugs abuse are on the rise among the youths across the globe. Studies indicate that drugs abuse behaviours generally begin during youthful age whose consequences pose important public health problems (Tripodi, Bender, Litschge, & Vaughn, 2021). A youth is any person between the age of 15 years and 30 years regardless of the gender (Medium.com, 2024). As Ahmad, Khalique, Khan, & Amir (2023) found that drugs abuse was negligible among 10-13 year old but a bit marked among 14-15 year old and maximum in 16-19 years of age. Several psychosocial behaviours have been associated with drugs abuse. Particularly, peer pressure, media portrayal of drug-use by celebrities, (Malhotra, Sharma, Saxena, & Ingle, 2023) lucrative advertisements, attractive packaging and expectations of joy are commonly associated with harmful use of drugs by the youths (Kangule, Darbastwar, & Kokiwar, 2022) In general, it is widely accepted that peers, social environment, family and subjective factors play a vital role in drugs abuse behaviors among the youths.

In Nigeria, many youths at one time or the other have taken drugs without prescription by a Medical Personnel and oftentimes for non-medical reasons. The use of herbs, leaves and plants have been used to heal and control diseases. Mohammed (2020) report that down throughout the ages, human beings have consumed drugs in different forms for various reasons including the diagnosis, prevention of suffering and pains, for relaxation and pleasure. It is worth          knowing that synthesized substances known as drugs are widely used either in prescribed form or non-prescribed form all over the world (Umar & Suleiman, 2023). Drugs are thus chemical substances taken into the body or applied to the body surface not as food but for the prevention, control and treatment of diseases symptoms or for diagnostic purposes (Mustapha, 2021).

The World Health Organization (WHO) defined drug abuse as “the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. Balogun (2021) considered it as a substance that modifies perceptions, cognition, mood, behavior and general body functions. They are often term as chemical modifiers of the living tissues that could bring about physiological and behavioral changes.

Drug abuse is a major problem facing the world in which Nigeria is not an exception. Abuse of drugs is common among high school students aged between 13 and 18 years. (Karen Lesly, 2020; Parrott, Morinam, Moss & Scholey, 2020).

Drug abuse and other associated problems constitute a major threat to the survival and effective functioning of human society (Haruna, 2019). Reports show that lives are daily lost through drug dependency and activities of addicts. A significant number of deaths from accidents, violent crimes and cultism can be traced to activities of persons under the influence of drugs. The Nigerian Drugs Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA2023), an agency set up by government to control the incidence of drug abuse contain that drug abuse is on the increase in Nigeria. The problem of drug abuse has been attributed to several factors including psychological, environmental, sociological and genetic (biological) make-up of the person that affect behavior, personality and individual’s responses to various stimuli (Mohammad, 2020).

Common drugs that are often abused include alcohol, heroin, cocaine and marijuana. Young youths use drugs as a way of rebelling against parents or authority, in order to feel like adults, to fit in and belong to a group of other youths, to satisfy their curiosity and to simply derive pleasure from the short term effects of drugs. Abusers with underlying social or psychological problems are particularly at high risk of drug abuse. However where these drugs are not used correctly, they produce unacceptable consequences to the user’s mental health. Falco (2019) as cited by Sambo (2020) viewed that “Chronic use of substances can cause serious and irreversible damage to adolescent’s physical and psychological development. In the same vein, drug abuse is associated with a broad range of high risk behavior which has a profound health, economic and social consequences. For instance, some youths participate in deviant peer groups, unprotected sexual intercourse, inter-personal violence, destruction of property and of course perform poorly in their studies. Many youths seem to think of experimentation with hard drugs as an acceptable part of transition into adulthood. It is thus worsened by complex socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty and crime in general (United Nations, 2020).

Higher doses or excessive intake of these drugs usually produce visual or auditory hallucinations or both. Drug abuse also affects the individual’s health and welfare which interfere with the educational and social well-being of the victim. The effects in the long run could lead to examination malpractices, bribery and corruption, anti-social tendencies including assassination and rape. (Asuquo P.N, Owan, V.O, Inaja A.E & Okon M.O, 2021). NDLEA also ensures that only those who require drugs genuinely get them as they continually fight the menace in our society. The study therefore focused on students in our secondary schools who in their formative years are more vulnerable to peer influence and the menace of drug abuse.

There are high cases of drug abuse among senior secondary school students in Nigeria. This behaviour as a result of youth unrest has assumed a dangerous dimension that every stakeholder of the educational system and the nation at large are at a crux. This attitude is common among youths and youths who are considered to be leaders of the future

Drugs and drug taking behaviour encompassing culturally specifically sanctioned and unsanctioned drug taking behavior have been part of different societies since the inception of civilization. Throughout history alcohol and mood altering or psychoactive chemicals, derived chiefly from plants have been used for social, medical religious or spiritual purposes. The magical qualities that these substances have to alter consciousness, to change mood, to modify perception, or to energize the body among other effects has resulted in more highly individualized motives and in more widespread use. Youths for example have come to rely on psychoactive drugs, many of which are the products of the pharmacological revolution that began in the 1950s, to help them cope either with the tensions and strains of everyday living, or to alter unwanted feelings or emotions. For many others, the social recreational use of psychoactive drugs has become increasingly popular.

One result of the more widespread use of drugs which have found their way from prescription pads to the streets, is a concern principally in Western nations that such use is ruining the very fabric of their societies. In the United States for example there is a strong preoccupation with problems caused by illicit street drugs. This concern has spawned a host of attitudes, psychoactive drugs is a serious, perhaps the most serious social ill that requires counseling interventions.

Drug abuse is a major problem that has characterized the enormous crises facing Nigeria today. The critical problem is that in spite of the various measures adapted to prevent drug abuse on Nigerian youths, we continue to have increasing number of drug abusers or addicts. The menace with its psychosocial disorder is becoming alarming in the recent times. As an anti-social behaviour, it has wrecked and destroyed a lot of youths in the society. UNESCO (2023) reported that about 76.3million youths struggle with alcohol disorders, contributing to 1.8million deaths per year. The United Nations (2024) reported that around 185 million youths globally over the age of 15 were consuming drugs by the end of the 20th century.

Statistics available shows that from January 1999 to July 2020, more than 321 patients were admitted at the Federal Psychiatry Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State on account of drug abuse. The impact of drug abuse among Nigerian youths has been a hallmark of a morally bankrupt, decadent and wasted generation and loss of our societal values and ideals. The situation now appears to be such that no one can claim ignorance of what is happening. We cannot sit on the fence and criminally pretend on the menace of drug abuse among our young youths.

Little wonder, then that the immediate past UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan once said “Drugs are tearing apart our societies, spawning crime, spreading diseases such as aids, and killing our youths and our future” (West Africa Commission on Drugs, 2023).

The habitual use of drugs during occasions endangers the lives of youths. They are thus abused when they are used more than the quantity generally accepted within the society. It has also been observed that there is high rate of consumption and misuse of drugs by the youths especially in the secondary schools. This has a negative implication on their educational performances, risky sexual behaviours resulting to teenage pregnancy, personality disorder and impaired cognitive functioning that result to regular tiredness and sleeping in class. Other psychological behaviours include disobedience to school rules, acting in a negative way in school and behaviours that may signal the beginning of mental disorder.

Therefore, in the light of the above, the study seeks to investigate Impact of Drug Abuse on Psycho-Social Behavior among Youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

A report by National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control NAFDAC (2018) noted that the abuse of licit and illicit drugs is forming a youth sub-culture in Nigeria. This development is a significant concern for Nigerian society. When a drug is abused it causes injury to the brain and often irreversible alterations in the central nervous systems. When psychoactive drugs destroy several thousand neurons, the consequences are fatal and a number of youths end up developing anti-social behavioural problems when under the control of this mode stimulating and controlling drug and some have died from drug overdoses (Ekpenyong, 2022).

The increasing availability of a variety of drugs to an ever widening socio-economic spectrum of consumers is disconcerting. Prescription and over the counter buying of drugs are abused when taken without the specified medical condition and proper prescription. Some of these drugs can be mood elevators, pain killers or antidepressants.

Prescription drugs are drugs that are certify by a medical practitioner as a source of cure for ailment. Drug abuse has negative impact on the social behaviour of youths all over the world. The overall health of the user is affected negatively and behaviours associated with drug abuse predispose the abuser to crime and contagious diseases including HIV/AIDS (Centre for Disease Control, 2022).

Despite National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control NAFDAC/NDLEA and other organization-based interventions, drug abuse is on the rise with over 40% of youths abusing various types of drugs (Ekpenyong, 2022). Drug abuse appears to be a well-entrenched behaviour among youths. Drug abuse has become a threat to the lives and success of the youth. This is evidently a source of sorrow to parents, guardians and relatives. It is also a big challenge to the whole nation. Drug and drug abuse affect academic performance and mental health, cause physiological and psychiatric disturbances and have been perceived to be the major cause in poor academic performance of youths, physical health problem, poor finance, emotional problems, memory impairment, risk factor for most chronic diseases, problems with family relationships and so forth. The consequence of chewing kola nut, taking bland coffee and other drugs that enhance one to stay awake at night could lead to addiction and drug abuse which may result in negative health implications and adversely affect performance in examination contrary to the expectation of youths who take it to stay awake and read at night. Drug abuse has some educational, social, economic, psychological, cultural, physical and moral health consequences that may lead to low academic performance, poverty, disability, maladjustment or death of the abusers. Its use aid crime rate, cultism, mental illness, low self-esteem and self-respect, injuries to one’s health, becoming a social outcast, bringing shame to their kin and low academic performance and in some instances complete withdrawal from school.

The study, therefore, is aimed at investigating Impact of Drug Abuse on Pycho-Social Behavior among Youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this research is to determine the Impact of Drug Abuse on Social Behavior among Youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The specific objectives are to:

  1. Determine the level of drug abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  2. Find out common drugs that are mostly abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  3. Ascertain the causes of drug abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  4. Investigate the impact of drug abuse on social behaviour among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  5. Proffer possible solutions to the menace of drug abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.4       Research Questions

To achieve the objective of the research, the following research questions were raised:

  1. What is the level of drug abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  2. What are the reasons that propel youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State to engage in drug abuse?
  3. What are the types of drugs commonly abused by youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  4. What is the impact of drug abuse on psycho-social behavior among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  5. What are the possible solutions of drug abuse among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?

1.5       Significance of the Study

This study is expected to be significant to several stakeholders, such as parents, community, students/researchers, and the government.

The findings of this study will help youths who are the major participants the effect or consequences which drugs abuse have on their behaviours, as well as their educational achievement.

The findings of this study will help community on how to check the continue occurrence of the incident of drugs abuse.

It will also help and be a valuable source of academic and policy material on the existing body of knowledge on the subject of drug abuse in Nigeria and its psycho-social impacts among youths as other researchers can as well build and borrow a leaf from it while carrying out similar research.

The findings of the study will also help the government and assist in strengthening the Drug Law Enforcement Agency Act as enshrined in the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) as amended and its recommendations if properly implemented will go a long way in curtailing the menace of drug abuse in our society.

1.6      The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is delimited to Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State and is on the Impact of Drug Abuse on Psycho-Social Behavior among Youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.7       Operational Definition of Terms

Antisocial Behaviors are those that defy the agreed social order, contradict by disregarding social norms and institutions. Antisocial behaviors are either willful, intentional, committed by people who consciously violate legal laws and moral norms, or by sick people with serious personality disorders.

Behavior: Set of observable reactions that an organism exhibits to stimuli in the environment.

Drug Abuse: Drug abuse is the taking of drugs or a deliberate use of drugs for purposes other than its intended purpose without the supervision of a physician or a medical practitioner. It also refers to the misuse or wrong use of drugs which have adverse effects on the central nervous system, mind, mood, behaviour and personality of the individual. Also, it is the use of any drug to the point where it interferes with an individual’s health or with his economic or social adjustment. Drug abuse also involves self-administration of drug in a manner that deviates from the approved medical and social patterns within a given culture.

Drug: The term drug is generally used in reference to any material other than food of natural or synthetic origin that invokes psychoactive properties by altering the body’s functions physically and/or psychologically. Drug also refers to a substance taken for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. Other experts have defined drug as any medical or chemical substance that when taken into the body by any means causes a change in the body. Drug alters the body functions either positively or otherwise depending on the body composition of the user, the type of drug used, the amount used and whether used singly or with other drugs at the same time.

Psychosocial Behaviour: Behaviour and mental activities of individuals and groups that influence and determine their relationships, their ability to work together, and their attitudes towards each other or behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Behaviors such as predation-which involves members of different species-are not social.

Social Behaviour: Conduct modeled according to the norms of the society of which the individual is a part.

Substance: Substances are any material other than food which due to their chemical nature affects the structure or functioning of the living organisms especially psychologically. Examples of substances are heroin, cocaine, inhalants, solvents, glues, tube repair solution, petrol, gasoline, spot removers, nail polish, nail polish remover (dissolver), spirit (mentholated spirit). Others are amphatemines (aji garau), syrups like benylyn, cleaning fluids, bula (robin blue), kashin kadangare, burkutu, pito, zakami, kolanut, hankufa, dankamaru, angur, gagai, etc.

Click to: DOWNLOAD @ NGN5,000/USD20

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KREJCIE AND MORGAN SAMPLE SIZE TABLE

KREJCIE AND MORGAN SAMPLE SIZE TABLE

Krejcie and Morgan Sample Size Table from a Given Population at Chi-Square 3.841, Margin of Error 0.05 and Sample Proportion 0.5

N

n

N

n

N

n

10

10

220

140

1200

291

15

14

230

144

1300

297

20

19

240

148

1400

302

25

24

250

152

1500

306

30

28

260

155

1600

310

35

32

270

159

1700

313

40

36

280

162

1800

317

45

40

290

165

1900

320

50

44

300

169

2000

322

55

48

320

175

2200

327

60

52

340

181

2400

331

65

56

360

186

2600

335

70

59

380

191

2800

338

75

63

400

196

3000

341

80

66

420

201

3500

346

85

70

440

205

4000

351

90

73

460

210

4500

354

95

76

480

214

5000

357

100

80

500

217

6000

361

110

86

550

226

7000

364

120

92

600

234

8000

367

130

97

650

242

9000

368

140

103

700

248

10000

370

150

108

750

254

15000

375

160

113

800

260

20000

377

170

118

850

265

30000

379

180

123

900

269

40000

380

190

127

950

274

50000

381

200

132

1000

278

75000

382

210

136

1100

285

1000000

384

Note.—N is population size. n is number of sample size.

OpenBook Krejcie-Morgan Calculator can be used as an alternative tool to confirm the cases of population and sample size not listed in Krejcie and Morgan Sample Size Table (1970), a well known table for sample size determination among behavioural and social science researchers. 

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OpenBook Krejcie Morgan Calculator

OpenBook Krejcie-Morgan Calculator 

OpenBook Krejcie-Morgan Calculator (OK-M Calculator, 2024) is a free online sample size calculator developed to help research students or other researchers from various fields worldwide, having problem in calculation using Krejcie-Morgan Sample Size Formula manually, determine sample size accurately.

Krejcie and Morgan formula was introduced in 1970 as an alternative formula in computing sample size for categorical data. The formula is written as:

n = x²Np(1-p)/e²(N-1)+x²p(1-p)

Where:

  • n = Number of Samples,
  • N = Total Population,
  • e = Error Tolerance (Level) or Margin of Error, 0.05,
  • p = Sample Proportion, 0.5,
  • x² = Chi-Square value found in Chi-Square Table, 3.841.

The table below is Chi-Square Table for most use confidence level or confidence interval.

 x²0.90x²0.95x²0.99
Degree of Freedom10% (0.10)5% (0.05)1% (0.01)
12.7063.8416.635

 

Example Question: Use Krejcie-Morgan Sample Size Formula to find out what sample of a population of 17,552,940 people in Lagos State, Nigeria, you need to take for a survey on their Techno Phone preferences.

Step 1: Figure out what you want your confidence level to be. For example, you might want a confidence level of 95 percent (giving you an alpha level or confidence interval or margin error of 0.05).

Step 2. Plug your data into the formula. In this example, we’ll use a 95 percent confidence level with a population size of 17,552,940.

  • n = x²Np(1-p)/e²(N-1)+x²p(1-p) =
  • 3.841*17552940*0.5*(1-0.5)/(0.05)²*(17552940-1)+3.841*0.5*(1-0.5)

          = 384.091617045

Step 3: Round your answer to a whole number (because you can’t sample a fraction of a person or thing!)

  • 384.091617045 ≅ 384

To use OpenBook Krejcie-Morgan Calculator (OK-M Calculator, 2024), click here to get it from the homepage.

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Academic Project

ACADEMIC PROJECT

What is an Academic Project?

Academic ProjectAn academic project is a formal document whose major sections include an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions and recommendations. The process of writing and presenting an academic project is guided by certain rules. These rules may vary depending on the level of education, institution, or the supervisor. OpenBook offers high standard academic project writing services strictly following the rules provided in order to represent the students’ contribution to the body of knowledge.

Formulating a Project Title of a Project

A comprehensive project title should be brief and must identify the population of interest, and the independent and dependent variables. Students should also adhere to the stipulated requirements related to the length of the project title.

Preparing an Abstract

An abstract should provide a summary of the academic project. Generally, an abstract is placed before the table of contents. A comprehensive abstract should highlight all the essential aspects of the project. Students should be cautious not to exceed the required length of the abstract that is estimated at 150-250 words. A comprehensive summary should highlight the project’s hypothesis, objectives, methodology, and findings.

Guidelines for Writing the Introduction

In the introduction section, the student should highlight the problem area and discuss its significance. A comprehensive introduction should contain the research questions, objectives, and hypotheses that will guide the academic project. Students should distinguish an introduction from a literature review. Whereas the introduction utilizes existing literature to highlight a problem area, the section does not synthesize the referenced studies.

Conducting a Literature Review

Conducting a Literature ReviewLiterature review forms the second chapter of dissertations and theses. A comprehensive literature review highlights students’ ability to identify relevant scholarly works and synthesize their findings. Literature reviews should utilize current articles to inform future readers of the existing knowledge and establish a context for conducting their intended academic projects. The contents of a literature review should correlate to the formulated hypothesis and research questions. For example, an academic study may be intended to improve on the existing knowledge related to the implementation of bed alarms as a fall prevention intervention. Consequently, the accompanying literature review should synthesize the current knowledge related to the utilization of bed alarms in hospital settings. A student should highlight the existing knowledge gaps in the available literature that justify the proposed academic project. For instance, previous studies may have investigated the influence of bed alarms in preventing falls among geriatric patients. A student may identify a need to narrow the focus of their research to geriatric patients who have been diagnosed with chronic mental illnesses. A comprehensive literature synthesis should highlight the existing knowledge gap related to the limited studies that focused on a specific population.

Guidelines for Writing the Method/Approach Section

The methodology section should contain a discussion of the design and project implementation plan. The method section should be detailed and comprehensive to promote replicability. A project’s methodology comprises the intended population, setting, instrumentation, data collection, data analysis, and ethical considerations. A subsection may be introduced to discuss the formulated project procedure. The procedure should highlight all the executed steps and treatments performed on the independent variables to study the changes in the dependent variables. The methodology section should also highlight the proposed data analysis techniques. Students should identify the software used and data analysis tests conducted to guarantee the replicability of their academic projects.

Guidelines for Writing the Findings and Discussion Sections

The length of the findings section often varies between qualitative and quantitative projects. The findings of a qualitative study may be lengthy because of the need to discuss the identified themes and their correlation to the formulated research questions. In the case of quantitative research, the findings ought to be tabulated because they fundamentally comprise statistics. The findings section should be followed by a discussion of the implications of the concluded academic project. The discussion section explains the observed outcomes. A comprehensive discussion should highlight the identified limitations and provide a basis for conducting future studies.

Factors to Consider When Writing an Academic Project

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MOTIVATION AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

ROLE OF MOTIVATION IN ENHANCING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS

(A Study of the College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna Polytechnic)

ABSTRACT

This study finds out the effect of motivation on employees’ performance in organizations. A descriptive survey research design was used for the study. The population consisted of the staff of the College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences (CASSS), Kaduna Polytechnic. Out of a total of 500 of the total population, 217 were included in the study. The research questions that guided the study were: What is the effect of employee well-being on the level of effectiveness of the workers? What is the effect of employee relationship with managers on the level of efficiency of the workers? What is the effect of compensation on the level of effectiveness of the workers? What is the effect of training and career development on the level of efficiency of the workers? A self-developed Likert scale questionnaire by the researcher was used as instrument for the study. Simple percentages were used as statistical analysis. Research results showed that employee well-being has a significant effect on the effectiveness of workers in the organization. And that a cordial employee relationship with managers increases their level of efficiency. And that compensation has a positive effect on the effectiveness of workers in the organization. And that training and career development contributes to the efficiency of workers in the organization and lastly that motivation of employees contributes to organizational productivity. It was recommended among others that Kaduna Polytechnic management should ensure that employees are adequately motivated. Employee well-being should be given due consideration and health and well-being programs should be organized to cater for the needs and welfare of employees. And that management should encourage interpersonal relations amongst co-workers and their managers to promote a sense of belonging and unity amongst staff. Also managers should ensure employees are involved in decision making processes and given a chance to air their views. And also that management must ensure they create a work environment that is conducive for workers with adequate working conditions as well as providing the right tools and resources to ensure worker effectiveness in discharging their respective duties.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background to the Study

Most business organizations and their managers are faced with numerous challenges. One of such challenges is in the area of management which refers to the utilization of resources effectively and efficiently in order to achieve an organizations goals and objectives. Some of these managerial challenges are obvious in matters concerning employees such as reimbursement, recruitment, performance management, training and career development, health and safety, benefits, motivation and administration amongst others. The human resource is the most vital of all resources among other factors of production and the human capital is what distinguishes one organization from the other (Maimuna & Rashad, 2013). Therefore, for organizations to survive and remain relevant and competitive, it is essential for them to be able to entice and maintain efficient and effective employees in a bid to enhance productivity (Sunia, 2014). This study however is centered on the aspect of motivation and focuses on the effects of employee motivation on organizational productivity.

Hellriegel (1996) viewed motivation as any influence that portray, direct, or maintain people’s goal directed behaviors. It refers to the driving force that makes an individual to act in a specific way. It is an inner drive that causes an individual to behave in a certain manner. The goal of most organizations is to improve productivity therefore factors of motivation play significant roles in improving employee job satisfaction levels. This will in turn aid in improving an organization’s productivity levels.

Employees make up the workforce of any organization as such they are an integral part of the organization. Aluko (2014), stated that an organization is only as good as the workforce that runs the organization. This is to say that when employees are motivated chances are that their morale would be high as such performance and productivity levels would increase thereby to a large extent boosting overall organizational performance level. In order to achieve high levels of productivity as such boost organizational performance or productivity, managers therefore need to continually seek ways of ensuring that their employees stay motivated. This is because a lack of employeemotivation leads to reduced productivity which is harmful to organizational performance and continuous success.

Jennifer and George (2006) defined employee productivity as the level of effort put forth by the workforce of an organization towards achieving organizational goals and objectives. There are several ways by which a workforce can be motivated so as to enhance organizational productivity. George and Jones (2012) states that motivation can be categorized into two classes namely intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation arises from an employee’s internal cravings to execute a task out of self-interest rather than a need or wish for some external reward. External motivation is the type of motivation that arises when an employee is compelled to act in a specific way either as a result of that employee’s desires for external rewards or to avoid punishment.

Extrinsic motivation also helps boost an employee’s effectiveness and efficiency levels. This is because certain external factors such as adequate compensation, work environment as well as training and career development appeal to employees as such are essential in inspiring them to resourcefully and successfully discharge their duties. An organization that fails to provide a conducive work environment, compensate its workforce adequately, create room for proper training and career advancement is at risk of having a demotivated workforce. This means that such a workforce being demoralized would fail to effectively and efficiently discharge their duties leading to low performance and productivity levels (Nwachukwu, 2004). This study therefore focuses on showing the effects of motivation on organizational productivity.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Most organizations, especially educational institutions have failed to recognize the importance of motivation as a concept be it intrinsic such as employee well-being, relationship with co-workers, relationship with managers, organizational policies etc. or extrinsic such as training and career development, good working conditions, compensation, promotion amongst other factors that enhance or improve employee performance as well as organizational productivity levels. This in turn has continued to represent major managerial concerns for decades as employee productivity levels has relatively declined which has been acknowledged as a subject of growing concern in the aspect of business and management research (Akerele, 2001). Although a lot of factors may also be responsible or even cause a decline in productivity such as poor strategic and structural changes in decisions and executions, lack of infrastructure, leadership styles and organizational culture amongst others. Contemporary investigations that connects the concept of workforce motivation and productivity has laid an emphasis on employee perspective, needs and expectations as factors affecting their performance and productivity levels respectively. As such investigating those factors of importance to employees in the discharge of their duties at work has taken a new dimension.

Motivation through factors such as employee wellbeing, adequate compensation, promotion, good relationships with co-workers and relationships with managers can enhance an employee’s level of effectiveness and efficiency in the workplace. This is because good relationships with co- workers promote unity and gives the employee a sense of belonging and acceptance which in turn boosts employee performance and productivity levels. Employees who enjoy such relationships both within and outside the work environment tend to be more effective and efficient as such very productive in discharging their duties. Therefore, organizations should promote harmony amongst employees by organizing social functions in a bid to bring employees together (Jibowo, 2007). Therefore, an organization’s best strategy is to provide suitable work environs that allow their workforce to meet or exceed expectations as well as offer a range of motivators to improve enthusiasm, performance and productivity levels.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to find out the role of motivation in enhancing employee performance in organizations with reference to the staff of the College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic. The specific objectives are to:

  1. Determine the effect of employee well-being on their job performance.
  2. Determine the effect of employee relationship with management on the level of efficiency of the worker
  3. Examine the effect of compensation on the level of job performance of the worker
  4. Examine the effect of training and career development on the level of efficiency of the worker

1.4     Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

  1. What is the effect of employee well-being on their job performance?
  2. What is the effect of employee relationship with managers on the level of efficiency of the workers?
  3. What is the effect of compensation on the level of effectiveness of the workers?
  4. What is the effect of training and career development on the level of efficiency of the workers?

1.5     Significance of the Study

The study finds out the role of motivation in enhancing employee performance in organizations with reference to the staff of the College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic. The significance of this study cannot be overemphasized. The findings will be of great relevance to Kaduna Polytechnic, business owners, managers and educational institutions especially in the locality where the study was conducted. It will enhance their understanding of the concept of motivation and its effect on productivity. It will also help managers and business owners to clearly the importance of knowing their employees and ensuring their adequate motivation in the organization.

The study is also of relevance to research bodies, students conducting similar studies and institutions because they will use the findings of this study as a baseline for their own studies. In other words, this study would be a reference material for their own researches in relation to the literature reviewed herein, the methodology, the pattern of data presentation and analysis and the conclusions drawn.

The findings of the study are of paramount importance to government agencies in making and implementing policies that would enhance the stability, growth and development of businesses throughout the region in matters concerning organizational productivity by seeking ways to ensure that employees are adequately motivated in their various organizations thereby increasing overall productivity and performance levels.

1.6     Scope of the Study

The study found out the role of motivation in enhancing employee performance in organizations. An in-depth examination of the effect of employee well-being on their job performance, the effect of employee relationship with management on the level of efficiency of the workers, the effect of compensation on the level of job performance of the workers as well as the effect of training and career development on the level of efficiency of the workers fall within the ambit of this study. The study is confined to the College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic. Only questionnaire was used for data collection.

1.7     Definition of Terms

Effectiveness: refers to a measure of how well workers’ productivity levels meet set goals and objectives of the organization.

Efficiency: can be derived from the relationship between inputs and outputs, and refers principally to the degree at which outputs are realized while minimizing costs associated with production.

Employee Efficiency: refers to the ability of an employee to do what is actually produced or performed with the same consumption of resources

Employees: Employees are people who are hired working under contract in an organization, they are referred to as the workforce of an organization.

Employee Effectiveness: is a qualitative characteristic that indicates the extent to which job related issues are addressed and the magnitude at which predetermined goals and objectives are achieved by an employee.

Employee Productivity: is the rate at which employees effectively and efficiently discharge their duties.

Motivation: refers to what stimulates and guides human behaviors and how these behaviors are sustained to attain a specific goal.

Organizational Productivity: A measure of how efficiently and effectively managers use resources to achieve organizational goals.

Productivity: A summary measure of the quantity and quality of work performance, with resource deployment taken into account. It can be measured at individual, group or organizational levels.

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PARENTAL EXPECTATION AND SCHOOL DISCIPLINE

EFFECT OF PARENTAL EXPECTATION AND SCHOOL DISCIPLINE ON CAREER CHOICE AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

This study finds out the effect of parental expectations and school discipline on career choice among senior secondary school students in Kaduna metropolis. A descriptive survey research was used for the study. The population comprised of teachers and SSII students of selected secondary schools in Kaduna metropolis. The research questions that guided the study were: What is the effect of parents’ variables in relation to level of education, occupation and family type on the students’ career choice? What is the effect of subjects studied in schools on secondary school students’ choice of career? What is the effect of students’ aptitude, ability and interest on secondary school students’ choice of career? The mean, standard deviation and frequencies were used to analyze the data based on the research questions. Research results showed the following: There was a significant effect of parents’ variables in relation to level of education, occupation and family type on the students’ career choice. There was a significant effect of subjects studied in schools on secondary school students’ choice of career. There was a significant effect of students’ aptitude, ability and interest on secondary school students’ choice of career. It was recommended among others that school counselors can provide a link between parental influence and young adult career options. Counselors should emphasize the role that both parents play in influencing their children’s career decisions. And that planning for career exploration in the early grades and inviting parent participation are also ways to strengthen the communication between parents and children. And also, that at the middle school and high school level, career fairs can help open the dialog between adolescents and parents regarding their experiences, preferences, and career related advice.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Choosing a career is often considered a major turning point in a young adult’s life. This decision alone has the potential to open the door for success or close the door of opportunities. Even though career choice is perceived to be an individual’s choice, experts suggest that a variety of influences such as family, school, community, and social and economic factors are likely to manipulate one’s ultimate career decision (Ferry, 2006). Among these factors, students report that parents have the greatest influence on which career they choose (Kniveton, 2014).

Parental influence on career choices of children, both intentionally and inadvertently, can be positive and negative. By the time children move into adolescence, they begin seriously considering their futures, often looking to their parents either as role models or for career advice. A parent’s approach to this can either inspire teenagers to explore a diverse set of potential occupations or to stick to a path they think their parents will approve of. Even before your child begins thinking about college, your attitude toward their elementary and high school classwork can have a big impact on their desire to earn a degree.

In addition to becoming aware of the norms and values they portray, parents also need to know that their children will likely adopt these norms and values as their own. Rutter cited in Otto, 2020) stated that, “Young people tend … to share their parents’ values on the major issues of life … “. Furthermore, Otto (2020) said that ninety-three percent of high school juniors in his study reported holding similar values to their parents. This is significant because it dispels the myth that children and adolescents tend to defy their parents’ values and expectations. Instead, it may be more accurate to say that children are quick to adopt their parent’s norms and values, perhaps without ever exploring their own. This may be due to children’s natural desire to connect with their parents (Poulter, 2016). As a result, they seek acceptance by adopting parental values and living out their career aspirations. Jacobsen (2019) referred to this phenomenon as “hand-me-down dreams,” which is the title of her book about parental

Career plays a very fundamental and significant role in the life of the individual not only because it determines the pattern of income but also because it tends to affect the individual’s personality and concepts in life. Career therefore is a choice pursuit, life work or success in one’s profession occupied by a person throughout his/her lifetime.  In a nutshell, career is the totality of work one does in his life time and is person-centred. It is of utmost importance to every individual as he or she prepares for the future.

Career choice is something very hard to decide, especially as his life will depend on it. Henry (2013) indicated that, career is the totality of experience through which one learns about and prepares to engage in work as part of his way of living. Splete (2011) stresses that career is an enjoying process that occurs over the life span and includes homes, schools and community. Every human being needs to do one job or the other to help contribute his quote to the development of the country.

Ipaye (2018) refers to the need for one to discuss with one’s peers, school counsellors, parents and teachers on the need to choose a life span work as “career convention” or “career conference”. However, career convention according to him is an instrument of career information. This occurs for a number of reasons, which includes stimulating career thinking and widen occupational horizon, to focus attention on particular jobs in order to help an individual crystallizes his preference and to create a situation in which parents can, on one hand, meet employers and discuss the opportunities they offer and, on the other hand meet the career teachers or career officers with whom they can exchange views.

James (2014) observes that the influence home has on the child’s learning is the fundamental concepts of life.   This cause and most of the habits and basic adjustment were established during pre-school years. The highlights the fact that home and parents occupy the most important position in the child’s education. It should be stressed that work experience is not an attempt to find job for the students but an attempt to widen the horizons of students and ease the ultimate transition from school to work. This is usually based on the information given to the school by the parents, such guidance and information are necessary because most school children are adolescents and are controlled by double standards, hypocrisy, truancy, materialism, dishonesty etc. The factor that may influence choice of career, according to James (2014) includes socio-economic factors, personal or family factors, cultural factors, which include schools, peer group, age and work experience. 

The effect of parental influence on choice of career is both negative and positive this is due to security factors, no usual hazards to health, assured steady income, certainty of continued employment, career or occupational satisfaction, prestige, and social rewards. Consequently, given the relevance of career choice and school discipline in the future endeavours of the individual and the concerns of parents concerning the wellbeing of their children, this study aimed at examining the effect of parental expectation and school discipline on career choice among senior secondary school students in Kaduna metropolis. This is the thrust of the study.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Given the natural concerns that parents have for the welfare of their children, such parents do all they can to provide the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the children. This is more so in the area of career choice. Parents have been found to greatly impact the career selection process of their children bearing in mind that such career choice will determine their future success. Many parents are unaware of all the ways they could influence their children’s career decision. Work ethic, family values and gender stereotyping in the family may have greater impact than previously thought.

The concern of parents for their children’s professional choices is widely recognized, regardless of gender or race. Parents are often said to be a child’s first and finest instructors. Research findings corroborate this assumption, demonstrating that parents’ effect on their children’s education starts as early as pre-school. Parental influence extends beyond the parent-child bond to parental qualities, education, and money, as well as parental interactions with their children and their children’s schools (Zhao et al., 2017; Lu, 2012). Parental perspective is critical in many aspects of a child’s life, including academic, professional, and personal. For instance, Hasib et al., (2021) note that parental guidance is critical in a child’s life and has a substantial impact on two important life events namely marriage and career choice.

Motivation to become a medical doctor, for instance has typically been conceived as arising from personal interests. However, it is not uncommon, particularly amongst those from collectivist cultures, for career choice to be motivated by a desire or need to fulfil parent expectations. Whether or not this motivation has longer term effects on the career satisfaction and performance of medical students is unknown

It is clear that parents believe they have less influence over their children’s career decisions than the research supports. This perception seems to differ from the perception of children, who often report their parents to be of the highest influence. Unfortunately, few parents seem to recognize this impact and still believe that they have little to do with the career choices of their children. Besides. while parents assume that their direct career advice may be influential, they may be unaware that they can also exert a strong career influence simply by serving as examples of workers. Furthermore, parents may also be unaware of the impact their norms and values have on their child’s career choice. For instance, Biddle, Bank, and Marlin cited in Simpson, (2013) observed that rather than responding directly to external pressures, students internalize parental norms and preferences and act, therefore, in accordance with those norms.

Coupled with parental concern and expectations of their children, the nature of school discipline could determine the students’ career choice. While some students are inclined to and go for arts subjects, others are inclined to and go for science subjects. These two separate disciplines could shape the students’ preferences regarding career. Given the aforementioned, the effect that parental expectation and school discipline could have on career choice among senior secondary school students in Kaduna metropolis is the problem the study.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study was to find out the effect of parental expectation and school discipline on career choice among senior secondary school students in Kaduna metropolis.

The specific objectives of the study are to:

  1. Find out the effect of parents’ variables in relation to level of education, occupation and family type on the students’ career choice.
  2. Find out the effect of subjects studied in schools on secondary school students’ choice of career
  3. Find out the effect of students’ aptitude, ability and interest on secondary school students’ choice of career

1.4     Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

  1. What is the effect of parents’ variables in relation to level of education, occupation and family type on the students’ career choice?
  2. What is the effect of subjects studied in schools on secondary school students’ choice of career?
  3. What is the effect of students’ aptitude, ability and interest on secondary school students’ choice of career?

1.5     Significance of the Study

The study finds out the effect of parental expectation and school discipline on career choice among senior secondary school students in Kaduna metropolis. This study will facilitate the act of making career choice among many opportunities available, since it is aimed at looking at the problems the secondary school students face in making their choice of career. The result of this study will give an educationist an insight into the problem and also help counselors in guiding students to make a more realistic occupational choice, limiting frustrations and withdrawals.

Most students who are in secondary school do not have enough information about occupational opportunities to help them make rational and appropriate career choice. Hence this research work is sought to help the student understand and explore other options in making career choice. A student tends to learn and accept information more from their teacher. Hence an uninformed teacher will tend to mislead or shy away from counselling the student with respect to career choice. This research seeks to help teachers to explore real career possibility of each student and guide them accordingly putting certain factors into cognizance.

Teachers will guide and counsel student from their own perspective. If there are no laid down guideline by the school system. Hence this research seeks to help curriculum developer to understand the role of career choice to student and to help inculcate it in the curriculum of the school. This will in turn help the student explore the career opportunities available and make rational choice of career.

The findings of this study will further assist the students in making the rightful choice of career and also help those students to lay good foundations for themselves in their field of interest, ability and talent that will invariably develop the child physically, intellectually and emotionally to become useful to him/herself and the society at large. Lastly, the findings of this study will serve as reference material for students of education, the reading public and those who wish to conduct further research in this area.

1.6     Definitions of Terms 

Adolescent: Those between the ages of 12-18years of age. 

Career: This means the choice of occupation.

Occupational Aspiration: This refers to aspiration for a high or low prestige level of job. 

Occupational Choice: This refers to psychological preference or desires the individual has regarding work status. It is the continuing process of occupational selection resulting in the eventual attainment of the occupational status.

Peer Group: This refers to age group of students. It means the association of, or the social relationship between people who fall within the same age range.

Talent: Any natural or special gift, aptitude eminent ability short of genius.   

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