Tag Archives: Socio-Economic Development

INSTRUMENT FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KUDAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

This research titled “The Impact of Community Development as an Instrument for Socio-Economic Development in Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State”. Two research objectives were raised and one null and alternative hypotheses were formulated. The research objectives are to determine the relevance of community development projects and programmes on socio-economic development and examine the impacts of community participation on socio-economic development in Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The sample size was 399 respondents selected from the population of 138,992 based on 2906 census, using Taro Yamane Formula. Out of 399 questionnaires distributed to the respondents, only 299 were found valid. The research made use of both primary and secondary sources of gathering information. The simple percentage was used to analyze respondents’ opinions. The research findings revealed that community development projects and programmes have a great positive effect on communities and have stimulated socio-economic development in Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State and that projects and programmes carried out with the community people’s effort and support are serving the purpose which they are created for because of the feeling of ownership of the projects and programmes by benefiting communities. Based on the findings, conclusion was drawn and recommendations given that: Communities should be aware that developmental projects embarked upon by themselves through self-help projects, government or external bodies are meant for their overall wellbeing and as such should protect and ensure that they are maintained to continue to serve the purpose which they are created; Governments at all levels need to encourage the communities to partake fully in all issues concerning their development, morally, financially or otherwise. The local governments in Nigeria should provide enabling environment to communities to initiate, plan and execute projects that will be beneficial to them.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Community development is not a creation of modern times; it is as old as mankind when the family was the central focus of any activity. Community development is an age long movement that has been in practice in various communities even before the advent of colonialism. Before colonization, leadership was rooted in the culture and tradition of various the people and decision making was part and parcel of rural development. Rural development has always been equated to community development from immemorial to date; the two words are used interchangeably, Chukwuezi (2000) and Cavaye (2000), had lent their supports when they wrote that all rural development are equally community development. This assisted largely in mobilization of people for developmental activities.

The argument has been that since the vast majority of Nigerians of over 80% reside in rural areas, Human Development Report, in Cavaye (2000), there would not be social welfare without rural areas transformation and development so that the rural people share in the social amenities and other facets of economic, social and political life of the country.

Historically, the notion of community development owes a great deal to the efforts of colonial administrators. Hence after the Second World War, the British Colonial Office became concern with ‘community development. Mayo in Cavaye (2000) suggests that administrators invented the term out of their attempts to develop ‘basic education’ and social welfare in the UK colonies. For example, a 1944 report, Mass education in the colonies, placed an emphasis on literacy training and advocated the promotion of agriculture, health and other social services through local self-help (Midgley in Ugwu 2009).The importance of community development in contemporary Nigeria cannot be over emphasized as its significance stems from its recognized role in the process of achieving the improvement of the economic, political, social and cultural conditions of communities.

As an instrument, “Community development ensures rapid national development. Ugwu (2009) asserts that community development is one of the major planks upon which National Developmental policies and their implementation are hinged. This is why the group dynamic perspective of community development becomes imperative, especially as issues concerning community development with special emphasis on self-help approach tend to rely on the “felt-needs theory” and the traditional participatory democratic theory. These theories are indicative of the place of people’s participation in development. Some community development programs that were put in place by Federal, State and Local Government include the poverty alleviation program, National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy, having their versions in State and Local Government respectively.

Community development has become a national importance in Nigeria. Flora and Flora in Emeh, Eluwa and Ukah(2012) argue that community development combines the idea of ‘Community’ with ‘Development’ hence the concept of community development relies on interaction between people and joint action, rather than individual activity- what some sociologists call “Collective Agency”. Christenson (1999) sees Development to involve change, improvement and vitality; a direct attempt to improve participation flexibility, equity, attitude, the function of institutions and the quality of life. It leads to a net addition to community assets.

Nigerian government policies of development such as Department of Food, Road and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) are to be concerned especially with rural development in two major aspects. The first is the recognition of the people as the center of development. The second is the need to build strongly on existing social, cultural, political and economic foundations from the Federal, State and Local. Governmental policies on rural development can only succeed if the people especially in Kudan Local Government adopt these policies and participate actively and massively in their implementations. Such substantial participation and sustained interest can only be achieved through community development efforts of the people and in direct consonance with the people’s social, cultural, and religious values (Jones cited in Obetta and Charity, 2012).

It is generally accepted that self-sustained community development is vital to the economic and social progress of any developing nation like Nigeria. Larger percentage of the nation’s population lives in the rural communities which serve as the basis for the production of food and engage in primary activities that are supposed to form the foundation of any economic development for the country. Despite its importance, the rural areas lack basic amenities such as potable water, electricity, health facilities and motor able feeder roads. The rural people have low purchasing power and standard of living. While agriculture is the dominant economic activity, the tax base is limited. So rural areas are rarely able to mobilize sufficient resources to finance development projects. The prevailing situations in rural areas have been poverty, deprivation, lack of basic amenities, services and lack of opportunities for advancement.

To overcome these obstacles to rural development, a systematic policy of mobilization of the rural people in the development perspectives is necessary. This focuses on the active involvement of people in the issues which affect their lives; and encourage participation, empowerment, self-help and the sharing of skills, knowledge and experience (Jones cited in Cavaye, 2000). Mobilization is required to facilitate implementation of carefully planned programmes and to establish partnership between the government and the people in carrying out development programmes and projects. This can be achieved if community development has been taken seriously as it deserves. Community development is people’s oriented development and a catalyst for socio-economic development.

Community development is an instrument or approach for improvement that is directed towards a specific field of social development requiring action on the part of the people to improve their condition of living, whether social, economic or cultural. Its effect in the field of social development is socially conditioned, since it brings about awareness and the improvement of relationships between individuals, groups, communities and organizations to ensure a sustained development. In this light, from a humanitarian perspective, it may be seen as a search for community, mutual aid, social support and human liberation in an alienating, oppressive, competitive and individualistic society. In its more pragmatic institutional sense, it may be viewed as a means for mobilizing communities to join state or institutional initiatives that are aimed at alleviating poverty, solving social problems, strengthening families, fostering democracy and achieving modernization and socio-economic development (Campfens cited in Ohiani, 2006).Therefore, attempt is made to justify community development as an instrument for socio-economic development, with particular reference to Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

It is important to recognize that most of the challenges of development in Nigeria are a clear manifestation of the weakness in the strategies adopted by the government, from Federal, State, and Local Government. Most of the development strategies adopted by government are mostly those that are top-down in their approaches. For example, the development programmes to empower the people or enhance community development from time, such as DFRRI, NAPEP NEEDS with state and local versions are all not people friendly, since the people were not involved or carried along. This makes community development to suffer and thereby frustrating socio-economic development. This is because the input from the people was not included, despite the fact that the development was targeted at them (Obetta and Charity, 2012).

The people lacked sense of belonging to any of government projects or programmes, they never felt as if they were part of the development effort of their communities, which affected the maintenance of those projects, leading to the problem of not sustaining those facilities or programmes put in place to serve the people. In some communities in Kudan Local Government of Kaduna State, like any other communities within the country, there are projects initiated and implemented by the government that are no longer serving the purpose which they were meant for because the community’s inputs were neglected. For example the solar boreholes of Ungwan Galadima ward, the solar borehole in Ungwan Duste Ward worked for only a year and are no longer functioning. Also in Sabon Lemu community, about seven boreholes were sunk by the L.G. only the one in front of the house of a member of house of representative representing the constituency is functioning. Most of government projects and programmes provided by government within the local government area are not properly maintained, thereby leading to problem of sustainability.

It is mostly a top-down approach to community development, which makes projects and programs unsocio-economic due to misplaced priorities, as to what the people need, is not what is given to them, but what the donors feel they need.

It is against this background that the study explores how, and what model to be used for community development to serve as a veritable instrument for socio-economic development in Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The major objective of this study is to examine how community development can serve as a viable instrument for socio-economic development in Kudan Local Government Area, Kaduna State from 2015 to 2019.

The specific objectives of this study are to:

  1. Determine the relevance of community development projects and programmes on socio-economic development in Kudan Local Government Area;
  2. Examine the impacts of community participation on socio-economic development in Kudan Local Government Area Kaduna State.

1.4       Research Hypothesis

A set of assumptions of speculation which in tentatively accepted as the basic for an investigation. Hypothesis are testable statements about the relationships between variables. They are meant to be tested statistically and accepted or rejected on the basis of the findings which arise from the study. The hypotheses to be tested in the project are:

H1: Community Development Projects and Programmes to a greater extent lead to Socio-Economic Development in Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

H0: Community Development Projects and Programmes to a greater extent do not lead to Socio-Economic Development in Kudan Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.5     Significance of the Study

Although the research is carried out to fulfill an academic requirement, it will also go beyond that scope encouraging more meaningful and conscious development efforts on the part of Community people. Previous studies on development have often laid emphasis on Community development as one among numerous instruments employed by government for development, not paying attention as to whether the development is socio-economic or not, and what are those salient issues in Community development that will ensure socio-economic development.

Therefore, the study laid emphasis on the issue of community development in a participatory manner, Jumare and Mohammed (2012), in a study on the effort of community development in socio-economic development concluded that, most common of the problems of socio-economic development is the problem of poor participation of beneficiaries of the development. With the mode of collaborative and collective action by the people and the government. The collaborative mode of community development postulated that local people work together with outsiders to determine priorities, responsibility remains with outsiders for directing the process. While the collective action mode postulate that local people set the agenda and mobilize to carryout, utilizing outsiders not as initiators or facilitators, but as required by local people. This mostly is done in projects or programmes that require quick action to be taken Nicole (2002). This study is in line with the above scholars, with a paramount significance of filling the gap that most researches in the field of Community Development are yet to fill, in bringing out community development instrument that will be more Socio-economic for socio-economic development (projects and programmes to continue serving the need which they are created).

1.6     Scope and Limitations of the Study

1.6.1     Scope of the Study

This study covers a period of four years, 2015-2019. The researcher chooses this period in other to make a reasonable and proper appraisal on community development projects and programmes within Kudan Local Government Area and how they continue to serve the purpose which they are executed.

1.6.2     Limitation of the Study

The study in limited to only Kudan Local Government Area, the major limitation of this study is the problem of very poor record keeping in Kudan local government; It was a great task to get documented data, on community development projects and programmes within the local government.

Secondly, the study has the problem of the attitude of some local government officials’ respondents, especially (the political class) who were either absent from office and or very often feel reluctant to sit and attend to our questions. It took a long period of time, over two months of the researcher’s repeated visit to their offices and sometimes their homes, before some of the officials could attend to our questions.

The third and last problem is the problem of time. The limited time for the study could not give the opportunity to cover more communities than would have done. In effort to ameliorate the adverse effect of the research limitations, the researcher went extra miles to the State Ministry for Community and Rural development to get meaningful data on this regard. The researcher also visited the local government secretariat and even officials houses to get primary data for the research work and personal observation of checklist of issues.

1.7     Definition of Key Terms

Community Development:

People are capable of organizing themselves to bring social and physical benefits to their community.

Self or collective community effort for achieving progress and development.

Mobilizing local initiative in the interest of the community.

Proper channeling of external assistance to provide more incentives and motivation for development projects and programmes in the community.

Selfless service, volunteerism and participation of community people in developmental activities and self-help programmes.

Socio-Economic Development:  

An improvement or increase in the living standard of the people.

 

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INSECURITY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

THE IMPACT OF INSECURITY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT

The study examined The Impact of Insecurity on Socio-Economic Development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Objectively, four research questions were formulated. The survey design was used in the study. The sample size was 100. 100 questionaires were administered to the respondents, but 94 questionaires were found valid. The data gathered were analysed using simple percentage and mean. The findings revealed that: inter-communal political violence, inter-personal violence, gang violence, and economical-motivated violence are the nature of insecurity and socio-economic development; political-based violence, weak security system, unemployment/poverty, and organized violent group are the causes of insecurity; poverty or hunger, underdevelopment, drug abuse/kidnapping/armed robbery, and brain drain are the impacts of insecurity on socio-economic development; equipment of security agencies, creating employment, maintain law and order, and establishment of community policing are the current security measures in the protection of life and properties in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Based on the findings, conclusion was drawn and recommendations given that the real panacea for solving insecurity challenge in Nigeria is for government to accelerate the pace of development. Development in this context consists of creating an economy with relevant social, economic and physical infrastructure for business operations and industrial growth, to provide gainful employment, high level of educational facilities, and medical care for the people; Governments at all levels should ensure that rising poverty indices are reversed and a realistic social security program is pursued and systematically implemented to ensure that the populace meets their basic needs.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Insecurity, especially internal is not a problem that is unique to Nigeria. Other countries both developing and developed face the challenge. The difference however between some of them and our country Nigeria is how they manage the threat. (Albinus, 2016) gave an insight into the precarious state of Nigeria nation by saying that within the last few year, heightened social insecurity in Nigeria has arguably fuelled the crime rate, living unpalatable consequences for the nation economy and its growth. The socio-political and economic landscape in Nigeria has been blighted by the endemic twin evil of crime and violence. The abysmal failure of successive administration in Nigeria to address challenges of poverty, unemployment and inequitable distribution of wealth among ethnic nationalities, ultimately resulted to anger, agitation and violent crimes against the Nigerian state by some individuals and groups. Such crimes includes militancy, kidnapping, bombing, armed robbery, destruction of government properties among others (Albinus ibid). Nigeria is sitting on a keg of gunpowder that can explode if things are not put right within the shortest time.

The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria specifically states that “The security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government”. Unfortunately, government on its constitutional responsibility has failed to provide a secured and safe environment for lives, properties and the conduct of business and economic activities. The alarming level of insecurity in Nigeria generally, has fuelled the crime rate and terrorists attacks in different parts of the country, leaving unpalatable consequences for the nation’s economy and its growth. To address the threat to national security and combat the increasing waves of crime, the federal government in the 2013 budget made a huge allocation to security, and the national assembly passed the Anti-Terrorism Act in 2016 (Ewetan, 2017). Despite these efforts, the level of insecurity in the country is still high, and a confirmation of this is the low ranking of Nigeria in the Global Peace Index (GPI, 2016). Despite the plethora of security measures taken to address the daunting challenges of insecurity in Nigeria, government efforts have not produced the desired positive result. This has compelled the Nigerian government in recent time to request for foreign assistance from countries such as USA, Israel, and EU countries to combat the rising waves of terrorism and insecurity. Amidst the deteriorating security situation in the country, Nigeria is also confronted with daunting developmental challenges which pose serious threat to socio-economic development. These developmental challenges include endemic rural and urban poverty, high rate of unemployment, debilitating youth unemployment, low industrial output, unstable and deteriorating exchange rate, high inflation rate, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, very large domestic debt, and rising stock of external debt (Ewetan, 2017) The United Nations Children’s Fund, reports that every day, Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds and 145 women of childbearing age, making the country the second largest contributor to the under-five and maternal mortality rates in the world. A greater proportion of the population do not have access to pipe borne water, health care facilities, electricity and affordable quality education. Although Nigeria is a signatory to the UN resolution on the MDG goals the attainment of these goals by 2015 remains elusive and doubtful (Ewetan, 2017).

The failure of economic growth in most developing and developed countries of Latin America and Africa, in the late 1970s, to deliver corresponding social goods and solve problems of unemployment, poverty, disease, hunger, illiteracy and ever increasing crimes and wars, necessitated the new thinking, and redefinition of development from economic growth centered perspective to human centered approach (Nwanegbo and Odigbo, 2017). In this light Chandler (2015) sees development as a broader concept that recognizes psychological and material factors that measure human well-being. Development therefore is a multifaceted phenomenon and man centered. It is the process of empowering people to maximize their potentials, and develop the knowledge capacity to exploit nature to meet daily human needs (Rodney, 2018; Nnoli, 2019; Ake, 2020).

According to Beland (2005) insecurity is a state of fear or anxiety due to absence or lack of protection. Achumba et al (2017) defines insecurity from two perspectives. Firstly, insecurity is the state of being open or subject to danger or threat of danger, where danger is the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury. Secondly insecurity is the state of being exposed to risk or anxiety, where anxiety is a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some misfortune. These definitions of insecurity underscore a major point that those affected by insecurity are not only uncertain or unaware of what would happen but they are also vulnerable to the threats and dangers when they occur. In the context of this research, insecurity is defined as a breach of peace and security, whether historical, religious, ethno-regional, civil, social, economic, and political that contributes to recurring conflicts, and leads to Quantum destruction of lives and property.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Insecurity challenges can be traced to the early years of military rule when large quantities of arms were imported into the country for the use of the military, during and after the Nigerian civil war, some of which got into the hand of the civilians. Soon after the civil war these arms were used by civilians and ex-military men for mischievous purposes such as armed robbery, arm banditry etc. however they were also the army of unemployed youths, some of whom lost their job during the civil war.

The level of insecurity assumed dangerous dimensions in the prolonged years of military rule beginning from 1970 during which people procure arms and light weapons for personal defense. Some of these arms and light weapons got into the hands of unemployed youths who used them for deviant purposes, Many scholars have identified several causes of under- development and insecurity in Nigeria which are inimical to socio-economic and national development (Ali, 2017; Okorie, 2016; Jega, 2018; Salawu, 2019; Onyishi, 2016; Ezeoba, 2016; Lewis, 2018). These causes have been classified into external and internal causes. In Nigeria the internal causes of insecurity pose major challenge to socio-economic development than the external causes of insecurity.

This research therefore focuses on the internal causes of insecurity in Nigeria. These causes
include Ethno religious conflict, politically based violence, systematic and political corruption, Ethno based violence, Pervasive Material Inequalities, Unfairness, Unemployment/Poverty, Organized violent groups, Weak Security System, Porous Borders and Terrorism.

While existing studies have shown that insecurity gives room to bad governance (Salawu, 2019), only a few or none of recent research have attended to the perceived insecurity on development in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.  Therefore, this study is imperative as it focuses on assessing issues relating to how people have been coping with the insecurity and its attendant influences on the development of Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. It is also pertinent to answer questions on how to eliminate or at least reduce political insecurity and its effect on development in Nigeria particularly within the local context of Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of insecurity on socio-economic development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Other specific objectives are to:

  1. Examine the nature of insecurity and socio-economic development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  2. Identify the causes of insecurity in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  3. Find out the impact of insecurity on socio-economic development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  4. Analyze the current security measures in the protection of life and properties in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.4       Research Questions

            The following are the research questions formulated from the objectives of the study:

  1. What is the nature of insecurity and socio-economic development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  2. What are the causes of insecurity in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  3. What are the impacts of insecurity on socio-economic development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?
  4. What is the current security measures in the protection of life and properties in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State?

1.5     Significance of the Study

The presence of insecurity in any environment constitutes threat to lives and properties, hinders business activities, and discourages local and foreign investors, all of which stifles and retards socio-economic development of a country. So embarking on a study of this nature is to find out the impact of insecurity on development, the perception of people on security/insecurity in their area, and the solution to the problem of insecurity affecting the society.

  1. This study is therefore significant in the sense that it provides information for academic purposes and also compliments other previous studies on the same subject and brings about the magnitude of influence; insecurity has on development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State and Nigeria as a country.
  2. It will also help to improve the insecurity problem affecting development, and the study would provide them with information on ground which can help redevelop better security strategies and policies.
  3. This research work establishes the relationship between insecurity and development.
  4. In addition, the information that comes from this study, will provide useful information for policy formulators in Nigeria concerning the issue of insecurity,
  5. Although there has been many studies carried out on the nature of insecurity in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, however this study will point out some of the loop holes affecting the success of security.

1.6     Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is on the impact of insecurity on the socio-economic development in Maraban Rido, Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.7       Definition of Terms

Impact: effect or influence

Insecurity: is a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability to breach security and therefore cause possible harm.

Socio-Economic Development: the process of social and economic development in a society.

Socio-Economic: economic situation of a society

 

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THE IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

THE IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

ABSTRACT

This study examined “Assessment of the Impact of Rural – Urban Migration on the socio – economic development of Nigeria”. Purposefully, the study assessed the reasons for rural – urban migration in the Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State; the problem caused by the impact of rural – urban migration.  The researcher used survey research designs to carry out the study. The sample size of the population was 388. So 388 questionnaires were administered to 388 respondents from Kaduna North Local Government Area. But, three hundred and four (304) usable questionnaires provided the database (given an 78.35% response rate) in this study The data obtained was analysed using statistical tables of mean/percentage. Based on the findings from the analysis of the data, conclusion was drawn and recommendations given, such as: jobs opportunities should be created in order to accommodate the incoming immigrant in the local government area; the government should create in avenue whereby those immigrant would be scrutinized to determine whether they are fit to reside in the local government area; policy formation must go in line with the available resources in the local government … .

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Assessment of the impact of rural – urban migration have continue to generate great debates since the last three decades or so, those moving from rural – urban areas constitute certain classes, categories and strata of the society that are basically plagued with certain social and economic problems in which poverty ranks highest and most fundamental on rural – urban gap have since 1960’s, been one of the focus areas that continued to produce insight on the precarious conditions of the people in both the rural and the unban area with attended consequences in many forms and dimension. Thus rural – urban inequality, resulting in the phenomenal rural – urban migration, has become the prevailing orthodoxy in the conceptualizing the problems and trend of developmental strategies and policies in Nigeria.

This study will show that rural – urban migration is a double edged problem effecting the rural community as well as the destination urban areas. The rural community is been affected in such a way that youth and adult that are suppose to remain in the community and contribute their own quota to the development of agriculture and there community are no longer available in the rural areas. They move to urban centres in search of more available greener pasture and abandon the farming activities which they believe cannot earn them what they would get in Urban centres. Subsequently, this lends to reduce agricultural production had food availability in the country.

However, with the eclipse of the past independence euphoria Nigeria, the population of Nigeria is unevenly distributed. About  60% of the population lives in the rural, but the urban areas are developing more rapidly. The urban areas have grown a by about 3.7% per annum in the last decades. The population that is urban is currently estimated to be 39% and some projection shows the population rising up 42% in 2010 and 46% in 2012. The overall density of population in 1991 was 96 persons per square kilometer. The estimation marks huge regional variation density range from 27 person per square kilometer in Kaduna State to 1,712 per square kilometer. Thus internal migration takes the form of rural – urban and rural – urban, urban to rural and urban to urban movement. However rural – urban migration is the most significant of the migration of the movement. The young and able bodied usually dominate this movement from rural – urban areas in search of employment, social amenities and site related opportunities. The resulting rapid growth of the cities has created serious social problem of housing, food shortage, crime and sanitation, unemployment, underemployment etc while data on internal migration is sparse. 

Adepoju (2004) asserted that migration is a selective process affecting individual or families with certain economic, social, educational and demographic characteristics. Migration occurs as a response to economic development as well as social, cultural, environmental and political factors and has its effect on both the area of origin (rural) as well as the destination (urban).

Harris and Thodaro (2006), revealed that people tend to move away from a place or location due to the need to escape violence, political instability, drought, congestion in various dimensions, adverse or real persecution. He further stated that adverse physical conditions such as flood, landslide (erosion and earthquake), insect and pest, soil infertility, unemployment, all these contribute immensely to the reason why people leave one environment for another. In the same vein, reported that migration of people from rural to urban areas resulted as a result of decreasing contribution of agricultural production to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This had led to rural – urban migration of young able bodied men and women to the cities where they engaged in off and nonfarm activities. There is more emphasis on and implementation of an educational system that does not take agriculture as the alternative career vocation. Other vocations that naturally depend on agriculture for survival now suffer lack of raw materials as a result of rural-urban migration. Aged – men and women are left on the farm with crude implements and farm tools to till the land and tend the animals. Also, total lack of interest of young people in agriculture because of drudgery involved and security of essential farm inputs coupled with lack of social infrastructures have led to rural-urban migration. Harris and Thodaro (2006), concluded that the results of this entire negative attitude include; soaring unemployment among youths, increasing rate of social menaces, poverty in the land, food insecurity and environmental degradation.

1.1.1    Historical Background of Kaduna North Local Government Area

The city of Kaduna developed in the first instance in the dual capacity of the centre of colonialism it was established in 1913 on a virgin land, which had adequate water supply. Its centrality in north Nigeria and accessibility from the coast made its attractive to the  colonial government whose primary function were domination and exploitation. Kaduna derived its name river Kaduna it got name from the plural from of the Hausa word of crocodile (Kaduna) which are found in river Kaduna.  The federal government in 1976 introduced a Local Government reform in which native authorities were abolished and replaced with Local Government authorities throughout the federation Kaduna which had its local government status since 1974 had for the first time an elected chairman instead of appointed one. With the creation of new local government areas in 1990, local government area was later divided into the north and south and by 1992 Kaduna north headquarters at Magajingara and Makira respectively.

Kaduna North is found between latitude 10.35” north and 10.40” north and longitude 7.25”East Igabi Local government area. The local government areas has three districts namely Doka, Gabasawa and Kawo and the Local government area is found within the Sahara Savannah region of the country with an annual rainfall of 60 centimeters with land mass of 4,5567sq kilometers.

According to the Local Government Areas records, it has been estimated that the Kaduna North Local government has about 640,988 people. These people are made up of the different ethnic groups of Nigeria and almost all the people either Muslims or Christian and with only a very little fraction of the people, are either free thinkers practitioners of traditional religion. The people are spread across the twelve wards of the local government area as follows:

Maiburji, Liman, Gaji, Ungwar-Shanu/Abakpa, Kawo, Malali/Badarwa, Ungwar-Kanawa/Hayin Banki, Ungwar sarki, Gabasawa, Kabala Shaba.

Indigenous Ethnic Groups

The main ethnic groups in the area are Hausa, Gbagayi (gwari) and Fulani, although other inhabitants include Kadara, Jaba, Bajju, Kagoma, Kagoro, Atyab, Kamaton, Ikulu. Mawa, Numana, Gwandara, Kaningkon, Fatsam mada, Ayu and Ninnzam which are major ethnic groups of the state. Others are Igbo, Idoma, Tive, Yoruba, Lantang, Kanuri, Jukun, Igala, Nupe, Dankarkine Benin, Erik, and all the tribes that exist in Nigeria.

Foreigners include Britons, Germans, American, Indians and almost all other foreign nationals exist in Kaduna North Local Government Area as it is the seat of the former Northern Nigerian-North Central state and present Headquarter of Kaduna state.

Cultural Orientation/Language

Kaduna North Local Government comprises many ethnic groups and has a rich cultural heritage and predominant language is Hausa, Fulani and Gwari cultural festivals in the area include Sallah celebration (Ed-el Kabir, Ed-el Fitr and Ed-el Maulud) Christmas and Easter celebrations, Kaduna State festival of Arts and Culture, National days, New year Day (Workers Day), Children’s Day and boxing Day.

Major Occupation

 The major occupations of the local government area are:- commercial undertaking; civil service and farming, agricultural products of the local government area include maize, rice, beans, fish vegetables, fruits diary products and animal rearing.

Markets

The local government Area has the following markets which are daily except tat of Kawo

  1. Sheik Abubakar Gumi Market
  2. Kawo market (Every Tuesday)
  3. Ungwan Rimi Market
  4. Badarawa market
  5. Ugwan Dosa market

Education Facilities

There are voluntary agencies that established both primary and secondary schools established by the state government area. There is a unit of Kaduna Polytechnic located in the Kaduna North.

Socio-Economic

A large percentage of the inhabitants of Kaduna North practice the agriculture marketing, poultry these farming are made up of guinea corn, corn, fishing, sugar cane, bens, groundnut, and vegetables are cheaply made in the local government area.

Industries

Considering the wide range of agricultural resources offers high potentials for good processing and refrigeration in large commercial quantities. At present, many of the farm produce are wasted in the fields or in poor storage facilities. For example, such crops as tomatoes, onions, yam beans sugar cane and fruits nut during harvest season because of large surplus. While good storage facilities may help solve the problems of scarcity during the off season good integrated processing manufacturing on industries established near by may achieve multipurpose objectives in stimulating social and economic development of the state.

Health Service

Kaduna North has a university teaching hospital large and fully quipped government hospital with smaller health care centres and private owned hospital/clinics including private owned laboratories.

Water Supply

Kaduna North Local Government get its water supply through the water supply scheme. It also have a medium dam intakes to Kaduna river. Kaduna North Local Government Area has one of the water supply scheme located within its metropolis (Malali).

Electricity

Kaduna North Local Government is supplied with electricity by the Kaduna Electricity Distribution Company (KAEDCO) stand-by generating plants also abound in most hostels, motels, guest house and private homes to forestall power failure from KAEDCO.

Housing

There are two types of housing in Kaduna North Local Government Area i.e. modern and traditional housing. The modern comprises of G.R.A, federal and state housing estate situated at various locations within the local government area e.g Malali and Ungwar Rimi, the traditional housing are usually old settlements and find across the local government are example Malali, Ungwar maisamari, Ungwar Yaro and Ungwar Kudu.

Transportation

A good network of roads links most towns and villages in the state extending to other neighbouring states, there are many taxi-cabs and buses operating in commercial basis at a very cheap rate. There are also railways.

Telecommunication

The local government has telephone services which code is 062. It is also serviced by a cell-net telephone making it possible to call and receive cellular calls.

There are post offices within the local government for both local and international transactions there is also radio stations and television within the local government owned by the government, or private individuals.

The local government I slinked with the outside world by the telephones (mobile and landline phones).

Tourism and Historical Sites

The local government is blessed with the following historical and tourist sets. They include:

  1. General Hassan Usman Katsina Arewa Government Garden
  2. Lord Lugard Hall
  3. National Museum
  4. Arewa House (Official Residence of the premier of Northern Nigerian Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto).
  5. General Hassan Usman Katsina House

1.2       Statement of Research Problem

  1. That rural – urban migration is the major causes of urban development in the local government area.
  2. That the need for social amenities are the facts that prone many rural dwellers to migrate to the urban centres.
  3. The search for white collar jobs and opportunities are the cause of rural – urban migration in some situation.
  4. The low level of income and chronic poverty are the cause of rural – urban migration in the local government area.

1.3       Objective of the Study

This research work with the topic “Assessment of the Impact of Rural – Urban Migration on the socio – economic development of Nigeria” is aimed at:

  1. Identifying the reasons for rural – urban migration in the Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.
  2. To find out the problem caused by the impact of rural – urban migration.
  3. To lay out suggestions and policies that would help future studies in the field of rural – urban migration.

1.4       Statement of Hypothesis

H1:     Rural – urban migration does have a positive impact on the socio – economic development of Nigeria.

H0:    Rural – urban migration does not have a positive impact on the socio – economic development of Nigeria.       

1.5       Significance of the Study

The purpose of the study is to determine the assessment of the impact of rural – urban migration on the socio – economic development of Nigeria. A case study of Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.  The following group will benefit from the research work:

  1. To add value to existing body of the knowledge
  2. To serve as reference point to those who wish to carry out project about rural – urban migration in the local area.
  3. Make Government be aware that it is the measure movement of the people from different localities that disorganizes the plan of Government toward development.
  4. Make Government aware that the areas are confronted with many social and economic obstacles.

1.6       Scope and Limitation of the Study  

This research study covers Kaduna North Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

1.7      Limitations of the Study  

  1. Financial problem: Is the major limitation the researcher encountered is money especially in terms of transportation to where the questionnaire where distributed.
  2. Time constraint: Is also one of the factors that limit the researcher to some areas when giving out the questionnaires.
  3. Low Education level: Also the low educational level of the respondent makes the findings of this research difficult since the ability to read and write determining the effectiveness of the study.

1.8      Definition of key Terms

Migration: Migration can be defined as a movement involving change of permanent residence, from the one place to the other. It can also be defined as the relatively permanent movement of persons over a significant distance.

Rural: Rural areas are an area where social infrastructures such as electricity, tap water, hospitals etc. are lacking. It can be defined as any area that is relatively small in nature and isolated.

Urban: An urban area can be defined as any place which is densely populated, heterogeneous and is provided with social amenities like adequate transportation system, hospitals, school, tap water etc.

Rural-Urban Migration: The process involved the redistribution of population as people move from rural to urban areas. It is refers to as participation in social relations in social relations in towns and changes in behavioural patterns which such participation involves. It is concerned with the influence of town on country and implication of urban growth for social change.

Urban-Rural Migration: This process involves the redistribution of population as people move from urban areas. It refers to participation in social relations in the country (villages, hamlet etc) and changes in behaviours pattern which such participation involve.

Rural-Rural: This process involves the redistribution of population as people moves from one rural areas to another. This process does not involves substantiate changes in social relations since it involves horizontal movement (i.e.) movement between places of relative similarities in their level of socio-economic development.

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