Tag Archives: Policy

CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN KADUNA STATE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2015 – 2020)

ABSTRACT

This research titled “Assessment of the Impact of Civil Service Reforms on Policy Implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education (2015 – 2020). Three research objectives were raised to guide the study and one null and alternative hypotheses were formulated. The research objectives are to find out the reasons for civil service reforms, assess the significant impacts as well as identifying the challenges of civil service associated with policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education. The sample size was 102 respondents selected through a purposive sampling technique. The research made use of both primary and secondary sources of gathering information. The simple percentage and mean were used to analyze respondents’ opinions. The research findings revealed that proper accountability of the public service can be achieve by embracing civil service reform in Kaduna State Ministry of Education and also Civil Service Reform has been effective in the delivery of service as a machinery of government, proper implementation of policy in Kaduna State Ministry of Education can be traced to the effectiveness of the civil service reform, Civil Service reform has significant impact on policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education, civil service reforms plays a significant role in Kaduna State Ministry of Education as the educational sector has improved over the years, Civil Service Reform has impacted on the financial regulatories of the civil service, Civil Service reform helps to enhance the capacity to carry out revenue generation activities and financial management in the educational sector therefore creating enabling environment for achieving the goals of the Ministry. In testing the hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis H1 that Civil service reforms have significant impacts on policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education between 2015 and 2020 is accepted. Based on the findings, conclusion was drawn and recommendations given that there is therefore the need to embark on realistic, workable and practical reforms that have human face rather than the usual cosmetic approaches. First of all there is need for the government to create enabling conditions of service. This has to do with ensuring adequate pay package and other economic incentives. If this is duly and religiously implemented, civil servants will be discouraged from using unethical means in getting economic benefits from clients and the public in general.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

The civil service plays a vital role in formulation, implementation, evaluation and review of government policies and programmes. Whether the chief executive of a government is an Emperor, King, President, Prime Minister, Duke, Governor or Mayor, that government cannot function without some form of civil service. A competent and motivated civil service is a prerequisite for maintenance of good governance, production and distribution of public goods and services, fiscal management and sustainability, efficient and effective performance of any government. It is incontestable fact that the concern for effective and efficient resources management in the public sector is universal and historical. This is more emphatic particularly in a developing economy like Nigeria where there are acute scarcity of human and natural resources and the ever increasing demands for public expenditure. In this context of public administration, the civil service is the administrative arm of government, an agent, an organ and machinery of government in the governance and developmental processes of any country in the world. Hence, the effectiveness of a government is to a large extent determined by the efficiency and competence of its civil service. The Nigerian civil service is a product of colonialism, established as an instrument for expediently implementing the administrative structure and activities of the British Colonialist from the late 19th century (Adamolekun, 2015).

With the emergence of the modern state, the civil service in developing countries evolved not only to formulate policies but also to effectively implement them. In other words, the civil service is often associated with the effective and efficient management of development policies and programmes. In this connection, it is seen as the main, but not the only instrument by which development activities in developing countries are implemented (Esman, 2017). The role of the civil service as an instrument in a polity’s socio-economic and political development is incontestable. In some parts of the world, however, the civil service is a branch of government which is usually grouped with the executive, and without which government cannot function. Civil service is usually understood as a subset of the wider public service. This subset consists of government ministries, departments and agencies, including people who advise on, develop and implement government policies and programmes, and those who manage day to day activities.

All over the world, the civil service seems unable to cope with the prevailing ideological, political and economic changes as well as the management innovations. In other parts of the world, especially in Africa, weakness of the civil service is considered as onenof the fundamental causes of socio-political upheavals and economic crises (Beetseh, 2014). Cognisant to this fact, over the last decade, many countries are introducing primary changes in the structure and operation of their civil service systems.

Nigeria, as part of her general political and economic restructuring programmes, is undertaking comprehensive measures to restructure her civil service. In Nigeria, the civil service which constitute the hub through which the government implement its policies and programmes is bedeviled with ethical and accountability problems which has over the years constituted a significant drag on the overall growth and development of the Nigerian state (Beetseh, 2014).

Conventionally, political leaders usually determine the policies in any nation. Such leaders outline the political economic and social directions for the country. It is important for these policies to be properly articulated and implemented for meaningful results. The civil service is the main instrument through which government implements and administers public policies and programmes. This function usually derives from the constitution and the laws of the land (Olagboye, 2015). However, the way and manner civil service in a particular state is managed determines its performance. Thus, civil service has prominent roles to play in service delivery. The development achieved in many countries of the world can be attributed to the ability of their civil service to effectively translate the policies of their political leaders into concrete service.

Therefore, it is against the background that this study seeks to assess “The Impact of Civil Service Reforms on Policy Implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education.”

1.2     Statement of the Problem

At Independence in 1960, when Nigerians took over the leadership of the country, the civil service structure was left the way the colonial master kept it. Much was not changed in the activities and roles of the civil service. The Nigerians in service replaced the colonial masters and adopted their style of management for self-aggrandizement and exploitation of the masses. This was between the periods of 1960 and 2006, consequently, Nigerians clamoured for Nigerianization policy. The introduction of the Nigerianization policy in the civil service was meant to reduce and ultimately end the expatriate predominance in the higher civil service in Nigeria but it rather brought with it the problem of the regionalization of the Nigerian civil service, where Nigerians of Northern extract adopted the Northernization policy in which northerners were given priority attention in the area of recruitment in the service whether they were qualified or not. The same thing went for the Eastern and Western regions of the country. This led to segregation and sectionalism in the Nigerian civil service.

In the same vein, the military also disbanded the legislative and elected representatives of the people. Thus, the government function without elected representatives, yet policies were made and implemented and laws were enacted and enforced. This brought the question of, who determined policies and enacted laws in Nigeria during this period. The military co-opted former politicians, academics and top civil servants to ministerial posts thereby giving them enormous powers to initiate economic, social, and political policies and at the same time executed them. This led to the lack of accountability and probity in the service. During this time, grand corruption was pervasive among the civil servants and others who had access to political power. Okigbo reported that between 2017 and June 1994, the sum of $12.5 billion government revenue in extra ordinary ‘Special Accounts’ were unaccounted for and this loot has continued up till today. Therefore, the present state of affairs in the civil service appears that the variables responsible for poor performance in the Nigerian civil service have not been dealt with and so the problem still lingers. It is against this background that this study seeks to assess The Impacts of Civil Service Reforms on Policy Implementation in Nigeria with reference to Kaduna State Ministry of Education as a case study.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to assess The Impacts of Civil Service Reforms on Policy Implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education, 2015 – 2020. Other specific objectives are to:

  1. Find out the reasons for civil service reforms on policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education, 2015 -2020.
  2. Assess the significant impacts of civil service reforms on policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education, 2015 -2020.
  3. Identify the challenges of civil service associated with policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education, 2015 -2020.

1.4     Research Hypothesis

A set of assumptions of speculation which in tentatively accepted as the basic for an investigation. Hypothesis are testable statements about the relationships between variables. They are meant to be tested statistically and accepted or rejected on the basis of the findings which arise from the study. H0 is used represents the null hypothesis while H1 is used to represent the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, the hypotheses to be tested in this study are:

H0:       Civil service reforms have insignificant impacts on policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of                             Education between 2015 and 2020.

H1:       Civil service reforms have significant impacts on policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of                                Education between 2015 and 2020.

1.5     Significance of the Study

The civil service as is widely known is the government tool for the implementation of its policies and programmes. This remains the main function of the civil service. The question which continues to be asked by the leadership and the enlightened general public is how effective and committed the civil service is to its functions. This is notwithstanding the fact that there are some auxiliary factors like welfare and the prevailing societal conditions which may impact on the civil servant. It is an understatement to say that societal influence has been quite overwhelming in recent times. Quite a number of people in and outside government point to the good old days of the civil service. This gives the impression that they look forward to a return to those days, even though the circumstances have changed. There seem to be not only growing poverty, unemployment, corruption and an ever widening gap between the rich and poor; but also the palpable decay of public institutions.

The establishment of civil service is to address these problems.  The  significance  of  the  study,  therefore,  is  to  study  the impacts of civil service reforms in Kaduna  State Ministry of Education.  It is the opinion of the researcher that the study will assist the government in their performances towards policy implementation in Kaduna State Ministry of Education.

The findings and recommendations of this study will help to identify the problems confronting civil service system in the implementation of decisions and policies of the federal government of Nigeria in the fourth republic. The study will also be significant to the general public because it covers issues on public administration which is important to every citizen of a nation as it concerns the condition of a society.

1.6     Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study is the restriction imposed on the research by the researcher himself. This shall be limited to Kaduna State Ministry of Education between 2015 and 2020 because of resources constraints both human and non-human such as funds, time, poor response from the respondents, non-availability of information from the appropriate authority and other personal problems of the respondents.

This is the restriction imposes on the research by itself, such as dearth current literatures on the topic of discussion, gathering of relevant information, etc.

1.7     Definition of Key Terms

Civil Service Reform: Civil service reform is a deliberate action to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, professionalism, representativity and democratic character of a civil service, with a view to promoting better delivery of public goods and services, with increased accountability.

Civil Service: It can be referred to the body of appointed officials who carry out the functions of government under the direction of the Head of Government.

Impact: Effect or Influence which something has over another.

Policy Implementation: It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an action.

Policy: It is a high-level overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures especially of a governmental body.

 

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PUBLIC POLICY AND GRASS-ROOT DEVELOPMENT

PUBLIC POLICY AND GRASS-ROOT DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The essence of this study is to carry out an empirical analysis of public policy and grassroot development in Nigeria with an empirical focus on Enugu East local government area. The theoretical frame work adopted from the study was the research design used for this study was survey research design because it studies both large and small population by selecting and studying samples chosen from the population. The sample was determined to be three hundred and ninety nine (399) using Taro Yamane statistical formula. Simple random sampling was used as the sampling technique for the reason that the method ensures equal chance of selection among the respondents. Data for the study was collected through the distribution of well structured questionnaire. The method of data analysis was the use of frequency tables and percentages to analyze the descriptive characteristics of the respondents. Findings from the study reveal that public policy has no significant impact on grassroot development in Nigeria, there are significant challenges surrounding grassroot development policy• formulation and implementation in Nigeria and grassroot leaders are not committed to the grassroot development of Enugu East local government area of Enugu State. The paper concluded it is the recommendation of this study that to make public policies effective in Nigeria and Enugu East in particular, there should be a continuous forum between the government and the people so that policies formulated are in line with the needs and priorities of the people and community in general.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the Study

The primary desire and goal of any community at the local, state or national level is to generate and sustain development. Development entails better welfare, better attitude towards life and positive radical multidimensional changes. However, the attainment and activation of development is intentional. Development does not just happen; it is strategically planned, organized and executed through the instrumentality of public policy. Publiê policies in an ordinary parlance are those definite acts or actions of government geared towards the fulfillment of the obligation of government on the citizens, which are the maintenance of law and order, the provision of social and economic facilities needed for an enhanced standard of living of the people (lyoha, 2000)

Nigeria gained independence in 1960 from the British colonial government. Ever since then, grassroot governance and development have been declared one of the major priorities by the successive governments, be it civilian or military. In this regard, several organizations, institutions and agencies have been set up to undertake and monitor the complicated process of nation-building, development and integration. This post colonial orientation is a deviation from the erstwhilecolonial arrangement whereby development efforts in all spheres were concentrated in the urbanareas to the neglect of grassroot and rural areas. Hence, projects such as the construction of roads, bridges,schools, railway lines, air trip, ports and marketing boards, among others, were all aimed atopening the rural areas as a link for the easy exploitation of export of raw materials (Hilary, 2009)

In Nigeria, over the years the stated objectives and strategies of grassroot development have been pronounced by policy makers and those concerned with• the issue of development. But there still exist enormous gap between public policy formulation and implementation and the reality of the level of the development of the grassroot sphere. For example, several approaches in terms of grassroot development planning and execution have been adopted. Some of these included the creation of states, local government areas, mobilization of people for local participation in planning and implementation of community development projects in order to create new centres of deelopment, and thus stem the drift from rural to urban areas. On the part of government therefore there is the realization that there is need to bring the neglected grassroot areas into the mainstream of national development (Michael, 2012).

On the basis of the above, the thrust of this paper is therefore to carry out an empirical analysis of public policy and grassroot development in Nigeria with an empirical focus on Enugu East local government area.

1.2      Statement of the Problem

Over the years, the speed and consistency df development at the grassroot level in Nigeria have not been impressive. This can be attributed to amongst other factors poor policy implementation. This is because the problem in Nigeria is not about conceptualizing policies, plans, programmes and projects. Neither is it about• putting down development plans. In spite of all the plans and concomitant programmes and projects, there are still lamentation on the state of the socioeconomic development and welfare of the people especially at the grassroot level; the indicators being the low level of human development index, poor infrastructural development and widespread poverty (Mike, 2011). With all the efforts made to uplift the qualitative standatd of living of the grassroot inhabitants in Nigeria from pre independence to post-independence, it is unfortunate to note the sad situational position of the rural setting. Based on this, this study is motivated to embark on empirically evaluating the linkage between public policy and development at the grassroot level with focus on Enugu East local government area.

1.3      Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to carry out an empirical analysis of public policy and grassroot development in Nigeria with an empirical focus on Enugu East local government area. The specific objectives are therefore:

  1. To ascertain the impact of public policie.s on grassroot development in Nigeria.
  2. To evaluate various challenges surrounding grassroot development policy formulation and implementation in Nigeria.
  3. To ascertain the role of grassroot leaders in facilitating grassroot development through policies.

1.4      Research Questions

In line with the objectives of the study, the following research questions will pilot the study:

  1. What level of impact do public policies have on grassroot development in Nigeria?
  2. What are the various challenges surrounding grassroot development policy formulation and implementation in Nigeria?
  3. What are the roles of grassroot leaders in facilitating grassroot development through policies? 

1.5      Hypotheses of the Study

In the course of the study, the following hypotheses will be tested:

Ho: public policy has no significant impact on grassroot development in Nigeria

1-b: There are no significant challenges surrounding grassroot development policy formulation and implementation in Nigeria.

1.6      Significance of the Study

The significance of a research lies on its usefulness. Therefore, this investigation is considered useful for the following beneficiaries:

Government: The federal/State/local government will find this study highly relevant as it will provide a picture of the impact and existing problems of public policy making on grassroot development in Nigeria and this is expected to generate reforms on the concept of policy making and implementation for grassroot development.

Researchers: Furthermore, this investigation will also be highly significant to subsequent researchers as this research will provide them with relevant literatures.

Students: This research hasthe ingredient of expanding the horizon research students on the concept ofgrassroot development and policies geared towards achieving them.

General Knowledge: Finally, this research is considered highly relevant given that it will be an addition to the existing stock of knowledge and hence creates a capacity building input to the education sector.

1.7      Scope of the Study

The focus of this study is to carry out an empirical analysis of public policy and grassroot development in Nigeria with an empirical focus on Enugu East local government area.

1.8      Definition of Terms

The following terms were given their meanings in the context of the study.

Grassroot: This is defined as the most basic level of an activity or organization. 1n the context of this study, it is the local government dimension of the country.

Development: This is a multidimensional radical improvement and the process of developing or being developed.

Public Policy: This is defined as a system of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a government entity or its representatives.

Local Government: The administration of a particular county or district, with representatives elected by those who live there.

 

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PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN NIGERIA

THE POLICY OF PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL OF TELECOMMUNICATION 

ABSTRACT

It is because of social issues like economic inequalities, unemployment that made the state to interfere in economy of Nigeria. Government chose public sector as a means or medium for economic and social development due to poor managerial skill, weak technological base etc, this enhanced the zeal to establish various enterprise institutions in Nigeria. Then, due to inadequate capital and lack of finance, public enterprises in Nigeria are confronted with many problems by the employees, managers and political interference in affairs of public enterprises. The project title is the policy of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria: An appraisal of telecommunication. The problems are; is political interference and mismanagement of resources responsible for the poor performance of public enterprises in Nigeria? Could policy of privatization and commercialization enhance the efficiency of public enterprises? Structural-functional theory is used as suitable framework of analysis for the policy of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria. The researcher reviewed some relevant textbooks, also used the secondly method of data collection. He found out that privatization is seen as means to harness economy or as measure to increase efficiency of the public sector or organization. Also, the privatization and commercialization has improved the potential, the efficiency and service delivery in Nigeria by making telecommunication easily accessible and affordable. These are the recommendations; as the privatization is in the hands of few individuals government should ensure that before granting the license or opportunity, they should examine and select the competent people who will handle private enterprises and not people of questionable character. The only thing left is for government to hands – off from those enterprises as advocated in the current or present privatization and commercialization exercises.

 

Chapter One: General Introduction

1.1     Background of the Study

The importance for the establishment of public enterprises or corporations was felt in 19th Century and there after. There were a lot of upheavals in European society because of industrialization and urbanization. Social issues like unemployment and economic inequalities necessitated state intervention in economies. Britain is widely referred to as the father of public enterprises.

A good number of African Countries chose the public sector for economic and social development. This account for the reason why many more functions like industrial production, transport, social services, communication etc were assigned to the state in addition to its traditional functions like security, justice etc.

Despite the several exercises of Nigeria economic policies to promote agriculture, industries and other activities, government still depend on monoculture commodity (oil) which failed to provide good capital investment and development due to weak technological base, poor managerial skill etc. This promoted or enhanced the desire to establish various enterprises and massive establishment of government agencies and institutions. 1979 constitution of Nigeria described the official operating of these enterprises and public servants they managed as well as private enterprises. After reviewing the performance of the Nigeria Railway Corporation in 1967 the commission that carried out the exercise recommended that corporation should have an Executive Board whose Chairman would also be the Chief Executive.

The government enterprises require constant financial backing for the smooth running. Due to inadequate capital and lack of financial autonomy public enterprises in Nigeria are confronted with a lot of problems, by managers and employees, government interference, inadequate capital, technological limitation, and political interference in the affairs of public enterprises in Nigeria.

Since monoculture economy cannot meet the demand or generate large sum of revenue to run the economy or by public enterprises, the government seeking ways to reduce the rapid increase of bad economy by adopting policy to boost our economy.

Privatization and commercialization policies are adopted by federal government as a remedy to problems that emanated from public enterprises. There are economic policies which grant full autonomy to public enterprises so that they can operate without government subvention, control and interference which ultimately resulted in efficient provision of service and high productivity that contribute to national growth and development. Although, these two concepts have identical goals and purpose, that is provision of efficient services to the public, high productivity and profitability, yet, they are different in nature and character.

The Federal Government of Nigeria in (1988) through Decree No. 25 set up the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC). The TCPC was charged with the responsibility of privatization and commercializing some selected government enterprises. The main reason was to promote greater efficiency and productivity in the public enterprises.

1.2     Statement of Problem

Public enterprises were established by the Federal Government especially in the 1960s and early 1970s when the public sector was seen as a major contributor to economic growth and socio-political stability. The public enterprises of Nigeria set up by government to perform definite social and economic functions for the public.

The functions that informed the establishment of these public enterprises are to control the resources and raise funds for the provision of certain infrastructure facilities particularly in service requiring heavy financial investment e.g. Railway, Electricity, Telecommunication etc. also, to perform the function of generating revenue that will add for financing development programme and projects as veritable instrument for creation of jobs.

Therefore, since those functions are not performed, creditable, or efficiently privatization and commercialization policy is introduced by Federal Government of Nigeria. In identifying the problems militating against their performance, the problems are stated clearly below:

(1)     Is political interference and mismanagement of resources responsible for the poor performance of public enterprises in Nigeria?

(2)     Could policy of privatization and commercialization enhance the efficiency of public enterprises?

(3)     Does the privatization and commercialization improve the potential, the efficiency and service delivery in Nigeria telecommunication?

1.3     Objective of the Study

There are some certain aims and objectives for which the researcher embarked on this work such as:

(1)     To ascertain if political interference and mismanagement of resources is responsible for poor performance of public enterprises.

(2)     To ascertain if privatization and commercialization could enhance performance of public enterprises.

(3)     To discover if the privatization and commercialization of public enterprises has improved the efficiency of service delivery.

1.4     Significance of the Study

The importance of any research is tied to find out solutions to the various problems that face mankind in the environment or society. The study creates awareness to every citizen of this country and economic planners on the implications of these privatization and commercialization of the public enterprises in Nigeria economic development.

It helps policy makers to assess the performance of NITEL following the privatized and commercialization policy. It helps researchers on contemporary issues have first-hand knowledge of the performance of privatized and commercialized public enterprises.

1.5     Literature Review

There are various kinds of opinions by many scholars on activities of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises. The federal government has restated its commitment to the privatization programme saying that it would not allow obstacles to make it change its focus.

Ukwu (1982:87) said that the perennial problem of public enterprise arise from the composition of the Board and its relationship with management. In particular, the conflict between the chairman and the chief executive himself usually a direct appointee are appointed for reasons of political patronage rather than any contributions they are capable of making to enhance performance.

Ugoo .E. Abba (2008 : 248) argued that some public enterprises whose establishments are hinged on regulatory philosophy have also not lived up to standard. Due to endemic corruption in these enterprises, officials collect bribes and truncate their primary reasons for establishment.

But in the words of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo (1999) in his assessment of the decline in Nigeria’s public enterprises asserts that these enterprises suffer from fundamental problems of defective capital structure, excessive bureaucratic control or intervention in appropriate technology, gross incompetence and mismanagement, blatant corruption and crippling complacency which monopoly engenders.

Excessive ministerial control and political interference according to Ogunna (1999:246) defeat the primary objective of living-off public corporations and therefore, are anti-thetical to effective performance.

Ryndima et al (1980:45-55) dealing on the political economy of surplus argued that for there to be an increase on productivity or output commonly known as “surplus value”, there will be intensified exploitation of the workers in the public corporations”. These measures can be lengthening the hours of work, were these can measure up; there are other ways of getting their desired objective, example by speeding up work (production) over time and underpayment of workers.

In the words of Ogunna (1999), the poor performance of public enterprises in Nigeria can be approached from the perspective of inadequate financial and material resources, poor management, corruption and lack of continuity of public corporation boards.

On the other hand, the civilian governments of first and second republic appreciated the need for the policy of privatization and commercialization, which was reflected in the various panels to that effect which they established.

Ollor (1986:4) was in support when he said that given the economic recovery objective of government “privatization will relieve the financial burden of government and release fund for it to use in other areas.

General Abdusalami Abubakar (rtd) came to power in June (1998), he continued with the policy with much more vigor and planned to privatize or at least commercialize all public enterprises which he believed would not only salvage the ailing public enterprises, make them more effective, but would in addition, provide enormous funds to government for other public services.

Obadan hints that the enhancement of efficiency should be the primary objective of a privatization programme. This is because maximum efficiency will bring more sustained gains, which can then be distributed to a wider segment of the society.

Lewis (1994:178) supports the view of efficiency, that the private sector is to be more efficient, more productive and more profitable. In short, privatization according to him would increase government revenues and cut down or eliminate waste and unnecessary bureaucracy.

Nellis (1999) in Obadan 2000:19 agreed with above assertion by saying that in empirical terms, various assessment of privatization outcomes, particularly in the industrial and middle-income countries have concluded that privatization leads to improve performance of private companies and that privately owned firms outperforms “state owned firm”. He posits that increasing evidence also shows that privatization yields positive result in lower income and transition countries as well.

Guislain (1997:173) is of the view that the move for privatization is that most government find themselves facing deep budget deficits and public finances crisis”. The state no longer has the financial resource either to offset the losses of state-owned enterprise (SOEs) or to provide the capital increases necessary for their development. Thus, emphasizing that privatization is the answer as most of SOEs are deeply involved in corrupt practices that have depreciated its values, to achieve the basic requirement expected of it.

The Director General, Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE), Dr. Christopher Anyanwu said that government would hinder it from meeting its privatization objectives.

He listed the objectives of the privatization among other things to include the restructuring and rationalization of the public sector in order to lesson the dominance of unproductive investments, beside, privatization was targeted at raising funds for financing social-economic development in areas such as health, education and infrastructure.

General Ibrahim Babangida’s administration was the first to take concrete steps towards privatization and commercialization of some public enterprises.

Having reviewed some books on administrative and management problems of public enterprises and possible ways of reformative measures and the cause of these problems that have engulfed these public enterprises especially from the external and internal factors and also having reviewed some books and articles on these privatization and commercialization policy has been detrimental to the poor in the society. Let us now attempt a review of some books and articles that see privatization and commercialization as an exploitative tool in the hands of ruling class and its foreign allies.

Nnoli .O. (1981:4) historically, introduced the issues of initial rationale why government involved in business activities, that those reasons should not be sacrificed at alter of bourgeoisie inclined profit maximization. He contends because public parastatals was only peripheral to the interest of the foreign capitalist conditions of work in it particularly the wages were attractive than in the private companies with a consequent lowering of workers moral and productivity. That the public sector should not be blamed for its inefficiency because at the dawn of independence, change has occurred in public sectors, most of its activities were performed by private contractors and their failure is the success of the private sector.

Another article assessed the different dimensions of which privatization and commercialization have been viewed by various scholars. I think the programme from the on set had no clear focus. The government was not really sure what it wanted from the programme and consequently the TCPC itself did not know where its true mission was. They never knew whether their mission was raising money for the government or sharing of the national cake.

Furthermore, Bala (2004) found out that the privatization in Nigeria has been able to replace the public monopoly with private monopoly. However, the major impact of the reform has been in the area of increased competition and efficiency. These were evident in the telecommunication, petroleum and banking sectors.

According to Garba on Vanguard, Thursday, September 10, 2009, today, the world has virtually become a global village in terms of communications and doing business is gradually shifting from boardrooms to individual homes, courtesy of teleconference. In view of these developments, two countries are looking up to you the experts to ensure that their relations are boosted by the content innovative trends in Telecommunications.

Mr. John Odey, the Minister of Environment (2009) said although the telecommunications industry had impacted positively on the economy and lives, it should not be allowed to hamper people’s health and environment. We must balance the social, economic and environmental aspects of our developmental areas.

Kalu (1999) contributed that as at the end of 2005, over 10 enterprises have been privatized while over 30 enterprises have been commercialized. For example, National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), now Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Nigeria Telecommunications Limited (NITEL), now Nigeria Telecommunication Plc etc.

According to Federal Government of Nigeria (1993), the long term goal of a telecommunication enterprise is not only to be self financing but also to generate a reasonable return on investment and provision of digital exchanges; transmission links, gateways, and cellular telephone system all over the country.

Amechi argues that with the Nigerian belief which holds that government enterprises are nobody’s property every one inside and outside then strives to loot them and no one preserves them. He argues that privatization is a step fighting this ugly trend.

1.6     Theoretical Framework

According to Ogban-Iyam who sees theory as a set of interrelated concepts that are used to explain, describe, interpret and predict the relationship between phenomena or variables. Theory helps to provide us with a way of looking at the real world.

Here, Structural – Functional theory is used as suitable framework of analysis for the policy of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria. Structural – Functionalism as a theoretical framework is intended to explain the bases for maintaining order and stability in society and relevant arrangement within the society. This theory originated in the biological and medical sciences. It was adopted as a mode of analysis in sociology and anthropology as evidenced in the work of Emile Durkhim and Talcott Parson. It was developed for political analysis by Gabriel Almond, S.P Verma who stressed that structural-Functionalism involves two main concepts, such as structures and functions. Structure refers to the arrangements within the system which perform the functions. Also, structure is the way in which the parts are connected together in order to be arranged or organized.  Function has been defined by Merton Robert as those observed consequences which make for the adoption or adjustment of a given system. According to Oran Young function is generally defined as the objective consequences of a pattern of action for the system in which it occurs.

The basic assumption of the structural functional framework is that all system have structures which can be identified and these structures perform functions within the system necessary for its persistence. It refers to the structures that are found in any system and functions performed by structures. Thus political system is defined as the various structures and institutions in the society that perform political functions or that bear on political decision – making policy. Eme Awa (1976) clearly defines political system as “the peculiar structures in any particular system performing political functions”.

In analysis, there are three branches or structures of government such as legislature, executive and judiciary. The structure can be analyzed from three main levels as person, institution and subsystems. The whole of structure is analyzed into parts – each dealing with a particular sphere of activities for instance political, economic and social subsystem.

Therefore, structure of government lead to substructure. It is government and their bureaucracy makes rules, administering, adjudicating and formulated those economic policies through legislature and implemented those policies by the executive for economic growth of the country. Substructure is the basis of analysis of this research work. It studies the economic laws or policies governing the production and distribution of material benefits on human society at the various stages of its development. It is by means of productive activity that he is able to obtain the economic means that he needs to sustain life.  Functions have their parallel in three branches of government perform important functions.

If the economic structure such as Industries, Nigeria Telecommunication Limited, Power Holding Company etc which are established by the government are well organized and harmonized, also their various functions are performed smoothly there must be well stable economic development in public enterprises. This theory can achieve purpose of privatization and commercialization, if the Government makes use of it and apply it to the various structures of government or substructure to perform effective functions for smooth running of government activities which enhance economic growth of Nigeria. Take for instance, Telecommunication which is privatized brought about positive change in Telecommunication sector and contributed in economic development of the country.

In application, all political systems are therefore to perform two basic functions such as input and output functions. Privatization and commercialization of telecommunication of public enterprises (Input) are demand from government, the legislature and other organs of government help to process some of the demands that have reached the system in which certain functions should be performed and give out or allocate values by means of the “Output” Law or policy.

Structural – Functionalism according to Marxist concept of substructure; superstructure is wholly determined by the substructure. The argument perhaps appears to be that the economic sphere is omnipotent and that the individual consciousness is prisoners of material forces. Also, functions must be related to the structure of society. All other activities in the society revolved around economics, both social and political activities are based on economic activities.

1.7     Hypotheses

According to learner’s dictionary hypothesis is an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct.

Therefore, based on the nature of this work the researcher possesses the following hypotheses to guide the study.

(1)    Political interference could affect the efficiency or performance of public enterprises.

(2)    The policy of privatization and commercialization could enhance the efficiency of public enterprises.

(3)    The privatization and commercialization has improved the potential, efficiency and service delivery in Nigeria by making telecommunication easily accessible and affordable.

1.8     Method of Data Collection/Analysis

The researcher makes use of secondary sources of data collection and it involves Journals, Text books, Newspapers, Magazines etc. 

The method of the data analysis was content analysis. The various data correction were edited, it involved objective, systematic and qualitative description.

1.9     Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the activities of privatization and the commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria which was enhanced as a result of the inadequacy and failure surrounding its activities and programmes to the public which are the major benefactors of the services been rendered by these public corporation. It is limited to 1985-2009.

1.10     Definition of Concepts

Privatization: Privatization is the policy of selling off public enterprises to individuals, groups and organizations; they should operate under the principle of profitability, effectiveness, efficiency and viability than in public interest.

Commercialization: Commercialization is a policy in which government grants full commercial status to corporations which enable them to operate strictly under business principles and practices without government control or interference and exercising absolute financial autonomy.

Public Enterprises: According to Ogunna (1999), who sees public enterprises as enterprises set up by government to perform definite social and economic functions for the public .

Telecommunication: According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionary telecommunication can be known as the technology of sending signals, images and messages over long distances by radio, mobile phone, satellite etc.

Political Interference: It can be defined as a situation whereby the government or leaders are in control of the affairs or activities of the public for their own interest.  

 

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