Tag Archives: Role

APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FRAUD IN ZENITH BANK KADUNA

APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FRAUD IN ZENITH BANK KADUNA

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study is to appraise the role of internal audit in the management of fraud with special emphasis on Zenith Bank Plc. The main objective of this study is to ascertain the role played by internal audit in the management of fraud. The specific objectives include; (1) to examine the role of internal audit in the detection of fraud, (2) to examine the role of internal audit in the prevention of fraud and (3) to examine the role of internal audit in the control of fraud. The study used chi – square for the study. The study used simple survey while the data used was primary data. The study found out that internal audit has helped in detecting cash theft. Internal audit has helped in detecting cases of money laundering by bank staff and internal audit has aided in detecting illegal transactions committed in the bank. The study recommended that management should establish and implement periodic review of internal audit performance to ensure that its performance and value to the Institution is maximized and to ensure compliance with appropriate standards and guidance.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background to the Study

At the heart of business establishment, is the audit function; which is evidenced by the fact that all other departments are linked with the internal audit department. The importance of internal audit system cannot be overemphasized where a variety of requirements, processes that are both manual and information communication technology-based (ICT) are used.

Organizations such as the banking sector have recognized internal audit function as a tool for ensuring effective workings of the internal control system. Okolo (2011) describes the internal audit function as an aspect of control mechanism, within a business, manned by specially assigned staff.

In today’s volatile business environment, firms in Nigeria face a wide array of complex business challenges. These challenges come in the form of regulatory compliance, litigation, competitive market pressure, changing technology, investors demand, corporate governance, business ethics and accountability. In a business environment, anyone given the opportunity and the environment can commit fraud. The internal audit staff, in a non-automated or particular environment, may be ill-positioned to investigate fraud. It is established that an internal audit staff who is professionally certificated with the right motivation and training can contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit department.

Oseni (2014) reveals that an effective internal audit function reduces overheads, identify ways to improve efficiency and minimize exposure to possible losses. According to Lavy (2008), the internal audit provides an independent and objective appraisal of activity for management. Katz (2012) summarizes the core activities of the internal audit as analysis of data, recommendation,counsel and information activities. He argues that these activities operate to accomplish the mission of organizations. Young (2010) finds out that the internal audit functions assist management in achieving organization’s financial and operating goals by evaluating controls, identifying weaknesses, and providing recommendations through complete and unrestricted access to records, property and personnel.

However, in Nigeria, the audit function in the banking sector has not been fully tapped; consequently, cases of errors and intent to defraud and other fraud cases exist in the industry. It is therefore no wonder that the distress in most banks reflected lack of effective control mechanism of the audit function. The experiences of failed banks in Nigeria, have called for the reinforcement of internal audit and the strengthening of the controls system. This becomes relevant, given the fact that the banking sector is critical to the survival of any economy. In the light of the above, this study critically appraises the role of internal audit in the management of fraud.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

          The duty of detecting fraud and irregularities lies with the management. This could only be done through an effective and efficient internal audit system. But even with the presence of the internal auditor some problems are still inherent in the Nigerian banking sector that interferes with goal attainment. These include:

  1. Physical cash stolen while signatures are forged in cheques also to steal cash. Out if untimely or inappropriate audit, there are cases of monetary losses due to forged cheques.
  2. Assets are either misappropriated or not accounted for. Due to ineffectiveness of internal auditors cases of assets misappropriation sometimes occur in the banking sector.
  3. Frauds perpetuated are only being discovered after a long time. Internal auditors can decide not to reveal the fraudulent activities of staff or management. Such actions are mostly discovered by external auditors after a long while.

Due to the above enumerated problems, there have been cases of errors and intent to defraud and other fraud cases which exist in the banking sector. This has been mainly as a result of lack of effective control mechanism of the audit function.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to appraise the role of internal audit in the management of fraud with special emphasis to Zenith Bank Plc.

The specific objectives include the following:

  1. To examine the role of internal audit in the detection of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.
  2. To examine the role of internal audit in the prevention of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.
  3. To examine the role of internal audit in control of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

1.4      Research Questions

The following questions are stated for this study:

  1. To what extent does internal audit aid in the detection of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc?
  2. To what extent does internal audit aid in the prevention of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc?
  3. What is the role of internal audit in the control of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc?

1.5     Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated for the study:

HO1:   Internal audit has no significant role in the detection of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

HA1:   Internal audit has significant role in the detection of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

HO2:   Internal audit has no significant role in the prevention of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

HA2:   Internal audit has significant role in the prevention of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

HO3:   Internal audit has no significant role in the investigation of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

HA3:   Internal audit has significant role in the control of fraud in Zenith Bank Plc.

1.6     Significance of the Study

The findings of this work will be of immense significance to the banking sector in Nigeria. It will go a long way in enlightening them on the concept of internal audit as well as its role in the management of fraud.

It will also benefit other organizations. The findings from this study will aid them to apply better internal auditing strategies or effective control mechanisms in checking fraud in their diverse organizations.

It will as well benefit the general populace. They will be enlightened on the concept of internal auditing as well as its roles.

Students and researchers will as well benefit from this study. They will widen their scope from the information contained in this study.

1.7     Scope of the Study

Internal audit covers a large area in every organization. However, this study will concentrate only on the aspect that concerns fraud detection, fraud prevention and fraud control. Other aspects of internal control will be considered in this study.

1.8     Definition of Terms

Auditing:Auditing is a branch of accounting concerned with the efficient use of resources to achieve a previously determined objective or set of objectives contained in a plan (Obazee, 2012).

Internal Audit:Internal auditing is the whole system of auditing, financial and otherwise, intended to secure management information and reliability of accounting records (Gbenga, 2011).

Bank Fraud:Bank fraud is defined as the use of fraudulent means to obtain money, assets, or other property owned or held by a financial institution, or to obtain money from depositors by fraudulently representing to be a bank or financial institution (Daniel, 2012).

Internal Control System: This is defined as the whole system of control, financial and otherwise established by management in order to carry on the business of the enterprises in an orderly and efficient manner (Beattie, 2006).

Bank:A bank is a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly by loaning or indirectly through capital markets (Doolan, 2009).

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THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN IZZI LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF EBONYI STATE

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to examine the Role of Women in Community Development in Izzi  Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Four research questions were formulated to guide the study. A total of six (6) communities in the study area were used for the study. 230 people were selected through simple random sampling techniques to complete the questionnaire. The instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire designed by the researcher for the collection of data and the survey research design was adopted for the study. The questionnaire contained 20 items based on the research questions. The mean and frequencies were used for the method of data analysis. The data were analyzed and interpreted using mean scores. The results of the findings revealed that political and economic instability militate against effective role of women in community development because valued resources are not properly allocated to the appropriate quarters. Inconsistent policy formulation and programmes design as well as unpurposeful leadership militate against the Role of Women in Community Development. However, women are formidable productive force and a store of incredibly human resources which are required for community and national development. Therefore, women should not be discriminated and marginalized due to their potentialities in development sphere. Based on the findings, it was recommended that political and economic stability, review of government policies and programmes on the role of women, emancipation of women should be urgently and properly carried out completely, special child care/security allowance should be given to the women. Women should be heard, seen and involved in all ventures through their concerted efforts and all plans for the achievement of the objective of women development progress should be prudently designed and faithfully executed.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is pertinent to note that women are at the heart of development in various nations, state, local governments and even communities as they control most of the non-monetary economy (subsistence agriculture, bearing children, domestic labour etc.) and play vital role in the monetary economy (trading, wage labour, employment etc.) (Yawa,1995). Everywhere in the world, women work both around the home and outside the home. The most topical issue in international developmental programme is women.

In support of this, Eze (2008) asserted that the instrumental role of women in community development is obvious, hence, cannot be over-emphasized. The woman as an individual is an agent of production of life itself. This inevitable role places her in the position of the life blood of the entire humanity. Woman is the first teacher, the sustained and maintainer of the home, the peace maker, and the symbol of beauty as well as the major character molders of the child. She is the mother to human race. As mothers and wives, women do avert considerable impact on the productivity: male workers. As workers in their own rights, they can be linked to the rejected stone in the Holy Bible which has definitely become the corner stone of the house. By their sheer psychological and intellectual make up, women do perform more than mere complementary roles in the production process  Jerminiwa, 1995).

To be candid, most of the contributions by women globally had not been recognized until recently when the United Nations declared:-the Decade for Women (1976-1985), making it mandatory on governments to focus on issue of women as an integral component national development.

To ensure the actualization of this noble objective, the United

Nations General Assembly in 1979 adopted the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. Consequently, subsequent conferences on women were held in Copenhagen, Demark 1980, Nariobi in Kenya 1985, and Benjing in China, 1995.

Notwithstanding, an international news magazines “Africa Today” reported in July, 1995 that the full implementation of all the strategies and recommendations of the various conferences on omen issues had still not been achieved and enthusiasm was waning. According to the magazine, the United Nations itself reported that only six out of the 184 ambassadors to UN are women and only four out of the 32 UN specialized agencies and prgoramme are headed by women.

But in Nigeria the 1995 constitutional conferences has only eight women out of a total of 369 delegates.  Sadly, much of women’s work remains invisible, unremunerated and unrecognized.  But women are now challenging the status quo to right women are working for an improvement in their socio-economic statues and for recognition in national development (Amah, 1995).

According to Eking (2008), women have come a long way.  The concern for “women in development or women’s progress and women is emancipation is anchored in the practiced that women as subordinate to men.  Consequently, Anikpo (2000) contented that various rights were denied women and their contributions to National Development were either stifled or ignored.  Deliberating on the matter, Ebo (1996) raised pertinent issues on the emancipation of both Nigerian women and men in national development without which women folk will slow down the pace of national advancement.

It is pertinent at this function to take a critical look on the role of women in community development, A case study of Izzi local Government Area of Ebonyi State.

A community is a group of people occupying a geographical space or area and is bound together by common culture, language value and aspirations. Succinctly, Ede (2001:55) sees the community as a group of people, made up of adult, children, social and non-social people living in a certain territory or geographical setting where they all share a mode of life but not all are conscious of its organization and purpose”. He further explained that there is a nonsocial part of the community such as little children and mentally deranged people who are not conscious of the way of life of the society and their rights and obligations. Culture in its simple forms to complex forms is being universally defined and understood as the totality of the ways of life of a people or a society. Onwueje Ogwu (1994) sees “culture as all material objects made by man ranging from stone implements to atomic energy and non-material things thought out and institutionalized by man ranging from values, norms to ideas like marriage, economy, drama dance and language”

Since women are part of the community, there is much need for. Apart from the physical attractions, women are indispensable at home not only in the domestic work they do, but also in taking care of the children. In support of this, Oyesakim (1982) asserted that women perform certain functions that make for development such as child bearing and economically, they are helping hands to man. In his opinion, Demise (1991) describes the roles and duties of women in the family as wives, mothers, and village/community politicians. He was of the opinion that women function in various capacities ranging from founders of nations/states. Also there are assumptions that women are the main custodians of social, cultural and values of a society at large and a community in particular.

However, this custodian role of women has been threatened by colonialism, modern technology and advent of Western Education where women were grossly under-privileged.

Obviously, Nigerian association with the British as its colonizers left an indelible mark on the socio-cultural attitudes and patterns of behaviour of its citizens. During the colonial era, women were relegated to the Kitchen, thus destroying the indigenous courage and capacities displayed by their great grandmothers in service to their communities (Dadirep 1995). Coming from a background where a woman’s place was in kitchen, the colonial masters and administrators thought it strange to find the African woman involved in substantial economic and political activities outside the home (kitchen). According to Dadirep (1995), the Victorian period in England in the 1gth country re-emphasized the act that the physiology of women naturally made them timid, feeble and unable to think because they had smaller brains than man.

Development means different things to different people Mabogunje (1980) identifies development to be economic growth and modernization.

Mabogunje (1991) identified the eight cardinal elements of sustainable development as they affect women as education, health, culture, politics, economy, agriculture, enhanced environment, quality and peaceful co-existence.

Perhaps, the field where women have excelled and where they have contributed immensely to national development as well as community is trading with reference to the transportation, exchange, and distribution of food stuff.

More so, the better life programme which was (launched in 1987 and the family support programme of the Abacha administration did a lot to enhance women’s participation in development process. However, despite their attendant circumstantial and congenital constraints, some specific achievements can be attributed to the programme in some parts of Nigeria such as:

  • Formation of co-operative societies and unions.
  • Many women are deeply involved in the following
  • Production of book soap
  • Production of honey
  • Founding of day care and primary schools
  • Organization of literacy classes
  • Preservation of perishable food items
  • Promotion EPI/ORT activities
  • Promotion of sanitation programmes.

It also undoubtedly clear that woman played a lot of vital roles in politics during the pre-colonial era. Nigerian women participated in politics and government through the institution of women chiefs, the authority of first born daughters and the age grades. They held various positions in their various ethnic groups. Currently, women are involved in all socio-cultural, economic, political and leadership aspects of the society.

Many of them were elected into various positions in their different communities, states and Federal level. To be precise, women are fully involved in developmental processes.

Conclusion: In spite of the imposed constraints or impediments on the Nigerian women at large and the study area in particular, there is over whelming evidence from what has been discussed in this introduction that women can be formidable productive forces which are needed for community and national development. They can dictate the pace and direction of the economy and society. Their sheer numerical strength is enough to jolt cynics. Their contribution

cannot be discounted in house-hold and national economics. The performance in national development efforts should be;

  • Ensure major policy interventions to bring women’s social status and economic chance at par with those of men.
  • Shift emphasis in regional development efforts to the provision of infrastructures and location of production ventures in marginalized areas.
  • Identification and elimination Of all appearances of discrimination based on sex.
  • Special child care security allowance should be put in place due to the tact that a properly brought up child is an assets to the society and not to the mother alone.

Converted efforts have been made by women themselves to be heard, seen and involved in all ventures, including political strides because the best advocates for women’s emancipation must be women themselves.

  • Cottage economic activities that are socially, acceptable and economically viable should be identified.
  • Credit facilities should make easily accessible to women.
  • All plans for the achievement of the objectives of women’s development progress should be prudently designed and faithfully, executed (Jeminiwa, 1995).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of this study is to identify the actual roles of women in community development in Ezzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State so that the non-recognition, discrimination, marginalization, oppression and suppression of women as well as other negative tendencies will be ended for the effective development of our society. It wilt also identify the causes and consequences of some of the factors that either militate against favour the role of women in community development in the study area.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of this study are to critically examine the

-des of women in community development in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyl State, Specifically, this study sought to:

Determine the factors that affect the role of women in community development.

  • Ascertain the contribution and level of development in the study area through women
  • Examine the areas requiring more participation of women in the development of community in Izzi Local Government Area

Determine how women contribute in the provision of funds and other resources for developmental projects in the community in the study area.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following questions are formulated which if adequately answered would identify the roles of women in community development in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.

  1. What are the factors that affect the role of women in community development in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State?
  2. What are the contribution of women and the extent of the

evel of community development in Izzi Local Government Area

through the role of women?

3, What are the areas that require more participation of women for community development in your area?

  1. How do the women contribute in the provision of fund and other resources for the execution and implementation of community developmental projects?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work is expected to serve as an adjunct to existing literature on the role of women in community development in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyl State in particular and Nigeria at large. This work can be regarded as a managerial, administrative, and policy guide.

The results of the findings and recommendations of this research work will among other things.

  1. Provide prudent and useful guide for government, organizations, communities, managers, project implementers, individual investors, industrial and developmental sectors as well as present and future researchers.
  2. In addition, the study seeks to promote participation of women

n development of the society to enable them handle their

duties and functions better.

Furthermore, the study service to improve the quality of materials and allocation of resources for community development to combine with the ones which women provide willingly for better performance in the study area and elsewhere.

In addition, the study hopes to promote cordial relationships Detween government project executors and implementers, women s well as the entire community.

Finally, it will serve as a catalyst forwards further research on community development and its effects on the people and the society.

1.6 SCOPE /DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY  

The scope of this research is limited to the role of women in community development in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.

The delimitation of this research study to Izzi Local Government Area only is as a result of area where reliable data is available.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study concentrated on the role of women in community development in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State due to time frame and financial constraints. Another limiting factor is the necessary materials to be used which are very scare while the respondents may lose some questionnaires on which can make the sample small in relations to the entire population.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. Development: This means a widely participatory process of social changes in society intended to bring about social and material advancement (including greater equality freedom and other valued qualities) for the majority of people through gaining control over :eir environment.
  2. Role: This is the function or postion that somebody has.

Community: A community is a group of people occupying a geographical setting and bound together by common culture, language, value and aspiration.

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THE ROLE OF MILITARY IN INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHT – AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ONGOING MILITARY OPERATIONS IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This study examined “The Role of Military in Internal Security Operations an Human Right: An Assessment of the Ongoing Military Operations in Nigeria”. Purposefully, the study assessed the connection(s) between military inefficiency and internal security in Nigeria; the factors that contribute to insecurity in the country and the causes/challenges facing the military internal security operations. The researcher used survey research designs to carry out the study. The sample size of the population was 200. So 200 questionnaires were administered to 200 respondents from Kaduna South Local Government Area. But, one hundred an ninety-five (195) usable questionnaires provided the database (given an 97.5% response rate) in this study The data obtained was analysed using frequency and simple percentage in tabular form. Based on the findings from the analysis of the data, conclusion was drawn and recommendations given, such as: the military should at least make judicious use of the available resources given them to create a secure environment, the government and the military authorities should provide adequate logistics means that will contribute to the effective and efficiency delivery of the military service… .

 

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

1.0       Introduction

Security is an encompassing phenomenon that is paramount to individuals, entities, communities and even nations. Security has to do with self-preservation which is the first law of existence. Security implies a stable, relatively predicable environment in which an individual or group may pursue its ends or objectives without disruption, harm, danger and without fear of disturbance or injury.History, they say, has usually failed to achieve that goal for long (Rourke& Boyer, 2002:243). Most scholars agree that security is a ‘contested concept’. There is a consensus that it implies freedom from threats to core values (for both individuals and group) but there is a major disagreement about whether the main focus of enquiry should be on ‘individual’, ’national’, or ‘international’ security (Baylis& Smith, 2001:300). Some security experts argued that the concept of security has always been associated with the safety and survival of the state and its citizens from harm or destruction or from dangerous threats. This conception generally holds that the state is the only institution with the primary responsibility and power for the safety of its territory and its people (Zabadi, 2005:3). The concept of security in this paper is operationalized within the context of a nation hence the concept ofInternal security. Civil war writing was dominated by ideas of national security which was largely defined in militarized terms with scholars and statesmen advocating on the military capabilities of states to deal with threat that face them. More recently, however, this idea of security has been criticized for being ethnocentric (culturally based) and too narrowly defined. A number of contemporary writers have argued for an expanded conception of security outward from the limits of parochial national security to include a range of other considerations. Buzan (1992) in his study, People, States and Fear, argues for a view of security which include political, economic, societal, environmental as well as military aspect and which is also defined in broader international terms as in the case of security, the discussion is about the pursuit of freedom from threat. When this discussion is in the context of the international system, security is about the ability of states and societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity (Baylis& Smith, 2001:300).

Security is often viewed in terms of the basic survival, welfare, and protection of the state existing in an international system characterized by self- help (Viotti, P. &Kauppi, and M. 2009:15). As Ozoemena (2009) argues, security is all about national interest and involves “the sum total of actions and measures, including legislative and operational procedures, adopted to ensure peace, stability and the general wellbeing of a nation and its citizens” (Ozoemena, 2009)

1.1       Background of the Study

Military role in the internal security operations is inevitable as the need for higher level of aggression continues to reveal itself. Although, this has been the case ever since Nigeria was formed and it also continued throughout the colonial period, the recent occurrence of terrorism witnessed in the country has further justified the need for military participation in internal security operations. This move however, is not without challenges of its own as the military is not particularly trained for internal security operations unlike the civil authorities and as a result, consistently engage in acts which are not civil enough (Azinge, 2013:2). In view of the above assertion, this paper seeks to affirm the need for the military to maintain a frontal role in the internal security of the country so as to meet the challenges inherent in today’s Nigeria. The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria which provides for the military in its section 217 makes it clear that the duties of the military, that is the Army, Navy and Air-military will be to defend Nigeria from external aggression, maintain its territorial integrity and securing its borders from isolation on land, sea or air, suppressing insurrection and acting in aid of civil authorities to restore order when called upon to do so by the President but subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by an Act of National Assembly. The military is also to perform such other functions as may be prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly. Although the main functions of the military is to protect the nation against external aggression or threats, occasionally the military may be required to assist the civil authorities to deal with internal violence and suppress internal tension. For instance, the military may be required to assist themilitary in restoring law and order in any part of the country. Section 217 (c) 1999 constitution forms the basis of role of the military in internal security operations in Nigeria. It provides thus in relation to the functions of the military in Nigeria: “suppressing insurrection and acting in aid of civil authorities to restore order when called upon to do so by the President but subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by an Act of National Assembly”.

1.2      Statement of the Problem

Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has witnessed different forms of conflict ranging from sectarian to ethno religious crises, whole sale abduction, hostage taking, arson, incidents of cattle rustlings and terrorism in the North. Our nascent democracy has also been tested by rampant crimes of armed robbery, baby factories and kidnappings in the East, pipeline vandalism, crude-oil theft and civil unrest in the South; abduction, hostage taking and ritual killings in the West. All these have had severe consequences on human and material resources of the nation hence the inevitability of military role in internal security of the country. Although the main functions of the military is to protect the nation against external aggression or threats, occasionally the military may be required to assist the civil authorities to deal with internal violence and suppress internal tension. For instance, the military may be required to assist themilitary in restoring law and order in any part of the country. Section 217 (c) 1999 constitution forms the basis of role of the military in internal security operations in Nigeria. It provides thus in relation to the functions of the military in Nigeria: “suppressing insurrection and acting in aid of civil authorities to restore order when called upon to do so by the   President but subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by an Act of National Assembly”. The problem confronting this research is to investigate Military Internal Security Operations and Human right; An Assessment of the Ongoing Military Operations in Nigeria.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

  • Examine connection(s) between military inefficiency and internal security in Nigeria.
  • Analyse the factors that contribute to insecurity in the country.
  • Examine the causes/challenges facing the military internal security operations.

1.4      Research Questions

  • Is there any connection(s) between military inefficiency and internal security in Nigeria?
  • Are there factors that contribute to insecurity in the country?
  • What are the causes/challenges facing the military operations to curb insecurity in Nigeria?

1.5       Research Hypothesis

H0        There is no connection between military inefficiency and internal security.

H1        The is connection between military inefficiency and internal security.

1.6       Significance of the Study

The study provides a communication framework of the nature of military internal security operation and human right issues with particular investigation of the ongoing military operation in Nigeria.

1.7       Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focuses on the appraisal of military internal security operation and human right with a case study of the ongoing military operation in Nigeria.

Most research works usually come with one challenge or the other and therefore, this will not be an exemption. In projection of this study, the research work will be constrained with time as the research work is clashing with the academic workloads of the researcher.

Other limitation of the study is inadequate resources (Finance) to conduct a satisfactory and detailed study of the role of the military in internal security operations and human right, an assessment of the ongoing military operations in Nigeria.

So also difficulty was experienced in getting material like textbooks that will also give relevant information to the researcher.

1.8       Definition of Terms

Security: There is a consensus that it implies freedom from threats. Some security experts argued that the concept of security has always been associated with the safety and survival of the state and its citizens from harm or destruction or from dangerous threats.

Internal Security: Internal security Operations are those acts carried out by the domestic security agents such as themilitary, Customs Services, Immigration Services, and others for the purpose of containing domestic threats to the security of the country.

Strategy: Strategy is planning, coordination, and general direction of military operations to meet overall political and military objectives.

Tactics: Tactics implement strategy by short-term decision on the movement of troops and employment of weapons on the field of battle.

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THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREA

THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREA IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN ENUGU STATE)

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          This study is a modest attempt at a lucid explanation of the role of local government in Nigeria.

        Nigerian local government system have witnessed tremendous transformation since the introduction of the 1988 civil service reforms one of the changes introduced at the local government is the direct payment of their statutory allocations which was also increased from 15%-20%, in addition, local government auditor was established by each sates government to ensure proper utilization of financial resources at the local level to avoid misappropriation of public fund. Also, all local governments now have  a common structure which distinguish them from service department.

        Local government  at any level have some roles such as;

The maintenance of law and order, the promotion of economic  and social development etc. They are left with considerable freedom to actual will for the interest of the local community. Form the administrative point of view, the government as an agent of development is well placed to help the rural areas to develop. These can be done by investing in social and economic infrastructure such as; roads, hospitals, bridges, schools, electricity and telecommunication. The other essential duties inherited by native authorities include; water supplies, markets and libraries. We generally regard the convenience list as including those extra amenities which makes life better in the communities other than the stated ones. These include; creation of bus and lorry parks, the regulation of land cards on the streets, community recreation centers, parks and open spaces, grazing areas and fuel plantations, the naming of streets and the numbering of houses These are recognized automatically as the responsibility of the local government. They also help in service of parks control and water supply, electricity and gas, the provision of road of transport and any other trading undertaking that the state government authorizes.

The local government also take responsibility for health orientation and drug supplies, midwifery services arrangement of health visit and home nursing to provide facilities for immunization and vaccination.

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THE ROLE OF ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCE IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE, A CASE STUDY OF POWERHOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA (PHCN), LAGOS

ABSTRACT

The study was on the role of ethics and accountability in  governance in the  public service. Power Holding Company of  Nigeria (PHCN) Lagos  was used as a case of study.  The objectives were to examine whether public servants display good moral behaviour at work place, to examine whether public officials have regards for the codes  of ethics in their service  activities, to examine whether public officials maintain good corporate governance attitude amongst others. The population of the study was represented by the total workforce of PHCN, Eko distribution zone. A sample of 240 respondents was randomly selected based on those that completed and returned their questionnaires. A structured questionnaire was designed and used to elicit information from the respondents. A structured questionnaire was adopted because of its high response rate and its ability to reduce incidence of bias. Frequency and percentage were used to analyse the data and the major statistical tool used was chi-square(x2). The major findings established based on data analysis were that public servants do not exhibit good moral behaviour at work place, public Enterprises do not maintain good corporate governance, Authority and responsibility are not clearly defined to achieve accountability and efficiency by public Enterprises .The conclusions reached based on the established finding were that the review of existing literature shows that the three concepts that is ethics, accountability and corporate governance principles are abused in most public and  private sector   organizations and the analysis of the data tended to support the view. Hence, I concluded that public servants do not exhibit good moral behaviour at work place, public Enterprises do not maintain good corporate governance , authority and responsibility are not clearly defined to achieve accountability and efficiency by public Enterprises. Based on these conclusions , the following recommendations were offered; there is need for training of staff on Ethics, corporate governance and accountability in public sector organizations, public servants should deliver their services based on the stipulations of the code of work Ethics, there should be well defined authority and responsibility to guarantee accountability and efficiency in public Enterprises and so on.

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THE ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL COMMUNITIES IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This research work was designed to see to the way the areas could be developed through the co-operative society with Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State as a case study, Oral interview were carried out, several book were consulted and also, finding of registered co-operative societies and number of their members were carried out. From the findings, it revealed that those areas with co-operative societies gain more government attention than those without co-operative societies. The study reveals that for a government to achieve all round development empowering co-operative societies should be given utmost attention.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The problem of developing the rural area has received the attention of many experts and researchers as well as the government.  This is because it constitutes a serious bottleneck to the socio-economic development of the country as well as the communities.  It is in the light of this, that I have decided to examine how rural areas would be developed with the help or assistance of co-operative societies using Idah local Government as the case study.

Rural development according to Diejomoah (2003) is “ The process of not only increasing the level of per capital income in the rural area but also the standard of living of the rural population measured by food and nutrition level, health, education, housing, recreation and security. Also Rural development according to UNO (1960) is “The process by which the effort of he people themselves are United with effort that of government authorities to improved the economic social and cultural conditions of the rural communities to integrate those community into life of the nation and to enable them contribute meaningful to national development.

Therefore, Rural Development is an integration activity involving the Implementation of programmes of agriculture, health, education, home management, provision of infrastructure and other community facilities under the supervision of the government, its agencies and the local people.

Co-operative society is one of the principal agent of rural development.  It is not only an avenue for job opportunities, but also as a training ground for the rural dwellers and other society and economic benefits.  Hence, it is a strong factor in the nations economic development.

Helms (2005) on the other hand defines co-operative society as an association of persons who have voluntarily joined together to have a common end through the formation of a democratically controlled enterprise, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefit of the undertaking in which the member activity participate.  On the other hand it could be seen as a voluntarily association of persons having mutual ownership in providing themselves some needed service on non-profit basis usually organized as a legal entity to accomplish objectives through joint participation of its members.

As it is, the problem faced by the rural dwellers in Nigeria today is complex.  It is those in he rural areas who have to produce not only enough for their families but also for industries and urban population.   They also have to produce cash crops either for processing by local industries or for export.  Still they lack the basic necessities of life.

Co-operative is a vital issue in every community in this world.  Place where it has been properly put into effective operation, its members have greatly achieve something from it.  Idah Local Government area is one of the area where co-operative societies have improved the live of its citizens.

Hence assistance should be given to the rural people e.g. Idah people so as to enable them improve politically, economically, socially and otherwise through co-operative societies.

This project therefore, intends to examine rural development, discuss or diagnose strategies adopted by coo-operative societies in developing rural areas.  Examine the problem areas if coo-operative societies and to provide recommendation or solution to the problem so far identified.

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THE ROLE OF LIBRARY COMMITTEE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACADEMIC LIBRARY

ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at finding out the role of library committee in the development of an academic library: a case study of Imo state university. The benefits problems and reasons for the development of the committee are discussed. Questionnaires are sent to Imsu library and were collected back which the major instrument for data collection. Opinions of people were gotten from questionnaire which was used in the frequency table. Recommendations are made by the researcher on the ways and means of solving some of the problem hindering the development of the library committee in academic library.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The researcher would want to explain this topic by defining the term library committee. Library committee is defined as a group of people appointed by a larger group to deal with a particular matter in the institution. In other words they are fully involved in the planning and improvement of academic libraries   in the institution.

According to Izebekher (1992) library committee is a crucial internal government unit of the library, a partner in progress and a force to drive home the demands and needs of the library in the academic board.

In this, the establishment of the library committee has become an accepted practice in academic libraries in Nigeria. Therefore in every well organized library, especially in the academic context, emphasis has been made on the existence of a result oriented library committee. In some academic libraries, they are as old as the library itself. According to Oduagwu (2006): library committee is the management of a library, the government of a library, the library board, library trustee board, library advisory committee etc. the library committee plays an important role, it is the committee that is responsible to provide an atmosphere where student and faculty alike will feel free to seek help of libraries and staff in obtaining information either from our own collection or from other sources. They also take part in the college programs as it strives to meet the needs of students, faculty and staff in their academic and research programs as well as providing materials for their leisure and reading needs. Library committee could be seen as a group of people appointed by the institution and government to control the entire library system. The library committee is the body of the library that makes policy. They are appointed by the institution and the government as well. Their appointment does not base because of their profession and trust but because of their ability for leadership, and are devoted to the conviction that information seeking, reading are very essential to the institution. However it should be noted that the future of the library will depend on the effectiveness with which trustees members are handling polices, and serve the interest of the library. They also advance library objectives, refrain from interfering with management and avoid politics. The absence of library committee in the institution means that when issues affecting the library are brought before the management and the academic board meeting will only be treated by the librarian and some times, he loses out in the final analysis. The researcher as a student of an institution notes that the absence of a library committee in the universities contributed to the low standard in the management of the academic library. The committee guide and promotes the library development by recommending and securing necessary funds from appropriate sources. They also guide the library and its property by making rules and regulations for the proper use of its resources and service. The committee is an advisory body and is responsible for the provision of the library services.  The committee meets with the vice chancellor (VC) on the advice of the university librarian.

COMPOSITION OF A LIBRARY COMMITTEE: the library committee is comprised of faculty members representing all academic department and programs. The committee meets twice each semester and it is chaired by the library director. The main functions are:

  1. To assist the university librarian to select materials and in recruitment of staff.
  2. To serve their department and programs as a knowledgeable resource for library information.
  3. The committee maintains a good relationship with the government and secures the interest of the library in the over all government organization and financial structure in planning and improvement.
  4. They enlarge public and official understanding of the library, its purpose, problems and progress so that its public relationship may be fruitful.
  5. They also communicate to the library director, the needs of their department and programs.
  6. They report to the department and programs they represent and recommend appropriate faculty action.
  7. The committee works and make sure that salaries of the workers are being paid and promotions are duly received.
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THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF BENDE L.G.A IN ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

Local government has and will continue to be of the prime mort of development in different parts of the world and their importance and impact on the daily activities of citizens cannot be over emphasized.

The terms local government refers to a political authority set up by a nation as a subordinate authority for the purpose of dispensing or decentralizing (political) power in the English souse, it means local self government.

Local government is a political sub-division of a national government or in federal system, a sub-division of regional government in fact local government administration so intentioned with community development that any discussion on one out of necessity involves in essence was created solidly to bring development to the community at the grass-roots.

Community development is with a new ideology. It is defined as a process by which the efforts of the people themselves are lives with those of government authorities to improve the economic social and cultural conditions of the communities to integrate into the life of active and to enable them to fully contribute to the national progress.

Also the role of local government at the local level is clearly recognized as one of the underlying basis of the 1976 local government reformed which emphasizes that none of the principle objective of local government is to mobilize human and material resources through the involvement of members of the public in the promotion of local government many communities had built schools constructed roads bridges and organized higher education, scholarship schemes for linear children etc.

Community development as we recognize today is based on and has grown out of experience of the past.

What is new is that these principles are now becoming more widely recognized than ever before the principles of community development are not new, but it is the emphasis which makes almost a revolutionary. The concept of community development is based on the faith in the ability of people to learn to help them attain improved standard of living building better communities taking one one step at a time. Rural development has thus remained one of the priority items of the programmes of one administration. In draining up the blue print for rural development government of Abia State aims primarily at sensitizing and mobilizing the people at the grass-root level and deliberately and actively involving them in effective community development encouraging integrated and multi-dimension approach community development for the government to achieve the grass-roots development it must get closer to the people community development groups and local government should work very closely because for instance a service project such as maternity dispensary or school which is built without the relevant main tenancy expense of such service are usually too heavy to be borne unaided to such.

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

       Statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the purpose of the project you will propose. Often, the statement problem will also serve as the basis for the introductory section of your final proposal directing your reader attention quickly to the issues that your proposed project will address and providing the reader with a concise statement of the proposed project itself.

A statement problem need not be long and windy. One page is more than enough for a good statement of problem.

1.3  OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

       The broad objective of the study is to find out the roles of local government in community development in bende local government.

The following are the specific objective of this study.

  1. To determine the impact of finding on community development.
  2. To determine the impact of corruption on rural development in Nigeria.
  3. To establish the use of trained and professional workers in community development.
  4. To ascertain the impact of local government authority on rural development in Nigeria.

1.4  RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions, will guide the study.

  1. What impact dose finding have on the development of rural areas in Nigeria.
  2. To what extent dose corruption affect rural development in bende government.
  3. How dose lack of trained and professional personal affect the standardization of project in community development.
  4. What impact will local government authority have on rural development in Nigeria.

1.5  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

       Somehow, most communities in bende seem to be legging behind in community development because of the above mentioned problems. As such, his study will be of benefit, it many people.

       This work is expected to assist our policy makes who have taken it upon themselves to sensitize the rural dwellers in bende local government. This is because through the finding of this work, they would then appreciate the importance of identifying the needs of communities before embarking on any project in a community.

1.6  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

       It is obvious that Nigeria is a country that has 774 local government in the country this assignment was narrowed down to one local government area, which is bende local government area in easy accessibility and the emphasis therefore is the role of local government.

1.7  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

       As a result of the numerous local government area that is bende local government in Abia state the emphasis therefore should be the role of local government in community development. Lots of constraints were encountered in the financial constraints, scarcity of material and ignorance on the part of the respondents. But by the grace of God, I was able to assemble to the best of my ability the key information that will form a picture of what the study demands and hope that their constraints will pave away in subsequent to make for enlacement where necessary.

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ROLE OF NIGERIAN TELEVISION AUTHORITY AND LIBERTY TELEVISION IN CREATING POLITICAL AWARENESS AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF NARAYI COMMUNITY KADUNA

ABSTRACT

This study examines the “Role of Nigerian television Authority (N.T.A) and Liberty Television Kaduna In promoting Political awareness among residents of Narayi Community”. The methodology used in this study is the survey method, and it was found that residents of Narayi community watch political programmes on N.T.A and liberty Television and that the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and liberty Television air political programmes that make the residents of Narayi community know their political rights and privileges. It was however concluded that, most of the residents of Narayi community watch political programmes on NTA and liberty Television that will create awareness in them politically. It was recommended That Nigerian television authority and liberty television stations should initiate or start political programmes for youths, which was not there, instead of always exclusively designing the programe for adults. Nigerian television authority and liberty television stations should use instances from international political happenings for local learning.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Television is a powerful electronic medium that combines both sound and visuals. It cuts across diverse and heterogeneous audience, different religious and ethnic backgrounds according to Annan (2003), “Television has totally affected peoples thinking and perception about social and political issues at a time when communication has become the available instrument has become the available instrument used I reacting the masses.

Over the years, Television has dominated the world of communication (Annan: 2003). Many organization have used television for creating awareness, which is aimed at a particular objective (Pite, 2003). Not only that; the internet has come up as another invention that has made communication easy, and has brought people together and turned the world to a global village, just as predicted by Marshall Mcluham (1879)

According to Baron. (1999), internet communication refers to the number of different ways people can communicate over the world wide web. It includes chat rooms, email, instant messaging social networking sites.

The internet has been a key factor in driving globalization in recent years.  Television, especially satellite Television has been one of the primary ways communication is achieved. This trend has been going on since the year 1990. For example, with the launch of MTV Arabic, where it shows how the use of skype aided internet communication (AL Gone, 2010).

Charles, E et all (1995) reveal that the role internet satellite television plays in globalization is driven by technology development and closer integration. Terry (2007) argues that television has a central place in globalization due to some reasons:

That Television organizations have increasingly globalised their operations to include  promoting political awareness to National and International audience even if their programmes are Local. Secondly that the global satellite television infrastructure facilities information flow at global level. And that satellite television plays a key role in how we view events across the world in developing shared systems of meaning in political awareness.

However, the Local Television programming and broadcasting has also enjoyed a touch of globalization.  In Kaduna state, Private Television  broadcasting has gone beyond the traditional  televisory to internet satellite televising. Their programs now go on air through cable satellite and internet sites like Youtube, V-tube, google play store e.t.c. They also employ the use of Skype to reach anyone in the world and communicate at the same time.

Liberty  television Kaduna is a private  independent station broadcasting from Kaduna. (www.liberty_tv.com). It started full commercial broadcasting in 2012 (www.liberty_tv.com) and withen two years of broadcasting has won  the station of the year Award 2013 (www.liberty_tv.com) and the NBMA 2013 “best Station of the Year”

Liberty Television gives “vote for all” (its motto) Within the ambits of the Nigeria Broadcasting Commission code and the Nigerian Constitution. The Nigerian television Authority Kaduna Also Known as N.T.A is a Nigerian Government owned and party commercial broadcaster that was inaugurated in 1977 (www.liberty_tv.com) the Kaduna Office of the NTA Kaduna broadcast in both English  and Huasa Languages.

Both NTA Kaduna and liberty Television to a large extent help in making the people in Nigeria and Kaduna State to get political awareness through programmes like: Inside the Senate, Politics today, political platform, political issues and the Nigerian Political circle.

Inside  the senate is a programme that focuses on activities of senators representing each senatorial constituency and how their activities affect the people they represent. This programme creates political awareness among residents of Narayi Community. Also, Political Platform is a programme aired on NTA Kaduna every Tuesday to talk about issues concerning politics around Kaduna State. This is usually a discussion programme. This programme also create political awareness among residents of Narayi Community. Again, we have a programme done on liberty television every Monday morning called Political circle. This programme involves the residents of Kaduna State by making them call in during the programme so as to four out their own minds on  the poltical aspect of their community.

The residents of Narayi community also participate in this programme by calling the telephone of the media house and contribute their own  points. Lastly, we have poltics issues. This is another programme by the liberty Television. It is a vox pop programme that collects the views of the people on the street and file it to the media house for airing. The programme  ask people various questions as far as politics is concerned in their community. This is done to create political awareness in Kaduna state in which Narayi community is part of.

All these programme are to give political education to the residents of Narayi community thereby creating a political awareness in them.

NTA Kaduna and liberty Television serve as a major tool through which the people were fully informed, educated, mobilized and persuaded to actively participate  in the political decision making during transition period.

Political awareness is a key component in identifying (Scoth, 2000). It can also be used as a motivator towards making people realize where their political interest lies.

Political awareness according to Boomer (2010) is undertaking forces outside of yourself that wish to rob you of your freedom from their own financial, political or perverted gain. Tirebiter (2010) believes that political awareness is the ability to read into politician’s agendas by listening to how they are going to make the difference in running government policies.

Narayi community is at the southern part of Kaduna Metropolis with about 20,000 people (Emmanuel .A.; 2004). It was initially called Barnawa-Narayi, because it shared close coundary with barnawa community. Narayi community has different tribes like, Kaje, Kagoro, Adara, Bajju, Ikulu, Igbo and Yoruba and it is mostly dominated by Christians (Emmanuel A.; 2004). The Gbagyi’s  is were sometimes found in Narayi community. Since the inception of Narayi, it was  under the Kingship called Sarki. Narayi community is surrounded by other smaller villages like, Angwan Maigero, Kamzo, Karji and Barnawa community. (Emmanuel A.; 2004).

The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Kaduna and the liberty, Television Kaduna have influenced on promoting  political awareness among residents of Narayi community, Kaduna. The stations do this by airing political programmes which residents of Narayi listen to.

1.2   Statement of Problem

The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and liberty Television are faced with various problems in relation airing political awareness programmes. These problems range from issues of ownership of the media and gatekeeping and agenda setting. For NTA Kaduna, which is a government owned media, they promote programmes that supports fully the activities of the ruling party. The political awareness programme. They air are the programmes they packaged as a result of the influence they are limited in explaining the activities of other political parties. This explains the cliché “He who plays the piper, dictates the tune”.

Another problem is that the owners of private television stations try to have a total control of the media house in contradiction with what the Broadcasting Corporation of Nigeria (BON) expect according to the law of the constitution. 

1.3   Aims and Objectives

        Below are objectives of the study;

  1. To determine the television stations watched by residents of Narayi community
  2. To find out the programmes residents of Narayi watch on television
  3. To find out if residents of Narayi community watch political programmes
  4. To find out what kind of Nigeria Television Authority (N.T.A) and liberty Television Programme do residents of Narayi Community view.
  5. To discover what type of political awareness programmes do residents of Narayi watch on NTA Kaduna and liberty Television Kaduna.
  6. To find out if NTA Kaduna and Liberty Television political programmes create awareness among any residents of Narayi Community.
  7. To identify which kind of political awareness does NTA Kaduna and liberty Television Kaduna political programmes create among residents of Narayi Community

1.4   Research Questions

  1. What television station do residents of Narayi Watch
  2. What programmes do residents of Narayi watch on television
  3. Do residents of Narayi watch political programme
  4. What kind of NTA Kaduna and liberty television programmes do residents of Narayi view?
  5. Which type of political programmes do residents of Narayi watch on NTA Kaduna and liberty TV Kaduna?
  6. Does NTA Kaduna and liberty television political programmes create awareness among residents of Narayi community?
  7. Which kind of political awareness does NTA Kaduna and liberty Television Kaduna create among residents of Narayi community.

1.5   Significance of Study

        The study is significant because it updates knowledge benefit:

        Media Practitioners,

        The general public and

        Government of the Federation

The study is important because media  practitioners gain from the research findings as it will expose them to what responsibilities media are to play in the society. 

It also serves as reference material for future researchers who may want to expand or explore on study relating to this research.

The study assist people views on the role media play in promoting  political awareness in Nigeria. It also draws the attention of government to empower electorate at the grass root level to participate in politics.

1.6   Scope of the Study

The scope of the study focuses on how Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Kaduna   and liberty Television Kaduna promote  political awareness to their target audience through political enlightment programmes;  and how  they sensitize their audience on knowing their political rights. The study focuses also on how Nigerian television Authority (N.T.A) Kaduna and liberty Television Kaduna Create political motivation among their target audience. The scope of the study also focuses on how residents of Narayi  Kaduna make use of political awareness programmes from NTA Kaduna and liberty Television Kaduna to gain  political education. The scope is also on how political awareness programme make residents of Narayi know the mindset and programmes of their party leaders.

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APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A Case Study of Chikun Local Government of Kaduna State)

APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A Case Study of Chikun Local Government of Kaduna State)

ABSTRACT

This research work was undertaken with a view to ascertaining “The Role of Local Government as an Instrument of Community Development in Nigeria” with a focus on Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State as a case study. The work looked critically (in question) towards local government and community development in Nigeria within its area of jurisdiction. In doing this, the researcher based his study on the provision of the 1976 Local Government Reform in Nigeria which made local government and community development in Nigeria one of the explicit functions of the local government. In carrying out the research, primary and secondary data were used. Related literatures were reviewed and questionnaire were equally prepared and administered to local government functionaries. The findings of the research were reached using the result of the tested hypothesis. From the research findings, the hypothesis that “the role of local government in community development is low” is rejected. The researcher therefore concluded by making a sense of recommendations among which are the co-ordination of the development efforts of the various formal and informal organizations in the overall local government and community development in Nigeria programmes, and procurement of adequately trained personnel for the organizational and educational processes associated with local government and community development in Nigeria.

 

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study

This chapter one presents the background of the study, aims and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, research questions, statement of hypothesis as well as definition of concepts

Local government has and will continue to be of the prime of development in different parts of the world and their importance and impact on the daily activities of citizens cannot be over emphasized.

The terms local government refers to a political authority set up by a nation as a subordinate authority for the purpose of dispensing or decentralizing (political) power in  the English souse, it means local self-government.

Local government is a political sub-division of a national government or in federal system, a sub-division of regional government. In fact local government administration in connection with community development involves bringing development to the community at the grass-roots.

Community development is with a new ideology. It is defined as a process by which the efforts of the people themselves are lived with those of government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of the communities, to integrate into the life of native and to enable them to fully contribute to the national progress.

Also the role of local government at the local level is clearly recognized as one of the underlying basis of the 1976 local government reformed which emphasizes that one of the principle objective of local government is to mobilize human and material resources through the involvement of members of the public in the promotion of local government. Many communities had built schools constructed roads bridges and organized higher education, scholarship schemes for linear children etc.

Community development as we recognize today is based on and has grown out of experience of the past. What is new is that these principles are now becoming more widely recognized than ever before the principles of community development are not new, but it is the emphasis which makes it almost a revolutionary. The concept of community development is based on the faith in the ability of people to learn to help them attain improved standard of living building better communities taking one step at a time. Rural development has thus remained one of the priority items of the programmes of any administration. In drawing up the blue print for rural development, the government of Kaduna State aims primarily at sensitizing and mobilizing the people at the grass-root level and deliberately and actively involving them in effective community development encouraging integrated and multi-dimension approach community development. For the government to achieve the grass*-roots development it must get closer to the people community development groups and local government should work very closely because for instance a service project such as maternity dispensary or school which is built without the relevant main tenancy expense of such service are usually too heavy to be borne unaided to such.

1.2       Aims and Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of the study is to find out the roles of local government in community development in Chikun Local Government.

The following are the specific objective of this study.

  1. To determine the impact of funding on community development.
  2. To determine the impact of corruption on rural development in Nigeria.
  3. To establish the use of trained and professional workers in community development.
  4. To ascertain the impact of local government authority on rural development in Nigeria.

1.3       Significance of the Study

The study being “The Role of Local Government as an Instrument of Community Development in Nigeria” will enable readers and future researcher to have a clear view of the role of local government in community development.

The researcher will assist reader and students who might want to carry out research work on the subject matter and will also serve as reference material for them.

 This work is expected to assist our policy makers who have taken upon themselves to sensitize the rural dwellers in Chikun local government. This is because through the finding of this work, they would then appreciate the importance of identifying the needs of communities before embarking on any project in a community.

1.4       Scope and Limitation of the Study

It is obvious that Nigeria is a country that has 774 local governments. The study is in “Appraisal of the Roles of Local Government as an Instrument of Community Development in Nigeria”.  But due to the fact that there are many local governments in Nigeria, the researcher decided to center the research in Chikun Local Government using it as the case study. The study covers the period between 2015-2017.

The researcher met with some problems in undertaking this study, notably in some areas of data collecting, time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage, and insufficient financial resources to execute the work more effectively. 

1.5       Research Questions

The following research questions will guide the study.

  1. What impact does funding have on the development of rural areas in Nigeria?
  2. To what extent does corruption affect rural development in Chikun local government?
  3. How does lack of trained and professional personnel affect the standardization of project in community development?
  4. What impact will local government authority have on rural development in Nigeria?

1.6       Statement of Hypothesis

Research hypothesis is a tentative and predictive answer to a question which is subjected to the power of verification and its formulation can be expressed in:

  1. Null Hypothesis (Ho)
  2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

Since hypothesis is statistical method of testing the attributes of predictive condition, we can test the study under the following hypotheses.

(i)         Ho = Roles of Local Government in community development is low

(ii)        H1 = Roles of Local Government in community development is high

1.7       Definition of Concepts

The key terms in the work are the local government role in community development.

Local Government: Nworje (2004) local government is an organ of the state put in place to peddle the development activities of a particular place or district with the view of making the impact of government being felt at grass-root level. Also Eyiyee (1999) see local government as the smallest government body created to take care of all local interest that requires government attention.

Role: The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary puts role as “the function that a person expected to have or the function a person has”.

Community: According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, community means the people living in one place district or country considered as a whole.

Development: It means a programme, change gear towards the equipment and sustain ability of the value of life development entails that is continuously taking in man and his physical environment.

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