Tag Archives: Undergraduate Students

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Most learning is a social activity which occurs in interaction with others, so it is quite a logical step to integrate social media into learning experiences (Sie et al., 2012). The more social the medium is, the greater the impact communication partners have on each other’s behavior (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010).

Social media is a means of interactions among people of different ages in which they create, share and exchange information and ideas in a virtual communities and network. Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) defined social media as “a group of internet – based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and it allows the creation and exchange of user- generated content and depend on mobile and Web based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, create, discuss and modify user- generated content. Social media is playing an important role in today’s online world. The traditional way of meeting each other is long gone and now the world meets at social media websites. It is an instrument on communication that gives information and interacts with its users while giving the information. Social media is a powerful new form of communication and its use cut across rank, profession, age etc. The modern social media surfaced in the earlier 1990s and one of such sites was created in 1994 and was called the “Geocities” which was known for certain characteristics. Facebook is another key example of the social media with over one billion active users as at January 2013.

There are different types that have support for educators (blogging, Edublogawards, Teacher Tube, Twitter); delivery of content (MIT’s OpenCourseWare, iTunesU) and social learning (Facebook, Google+, blogs, LinkedIn and You Tube). Collaborated projects eg Wikipedia, blogs. Micro blog Twitters, Content communities such as YouTube, Flickr, Myspace.com, meet Up, del.icio.us stumble Upon, Digg, Daily motion and technologies.

Social media has influenced the educational nationwide in Nigeria and beyond, it introduction has played a significant role in the administration and teaching and learning in both college and university. Social medial has change the traditional way of sharing knowledge and information among students in the higher institutions in Nigeria. The use of social media in knowledge sharing cannot be overestimated it has helped to enhance access to information and learning with the use of networking in fostering transformation and easing accessibility to information for undergraduate.

A wide variety of characteristics and capabilities have been defined for social media in the literature. However, for the purpose of this study, those features of social media have been considered relevant to knowledge sharing purposes. They have the capabilities of social media that encourage, support, and enable undergraduate students to share their knowledge easily and effectively through different mechanisms. These characteristics of social media can be categorized into four features: Social connections have become very important and have improved and enhance accessibility of information and sharing of knowledge tremendously among Nigerian Universities.        

Social networking: these sites are fast becoming very popular means of both interpersonal and public communication in Nigeria. Social networking sites are modern interactive communication channels through which people connect to one another, share ideas, experiences, pictures, messages and information of interest. Boyd and Ellison (2007) define social networking sites as:

‘‘Web based services that allow individuals to construct a Public or semipublic profile within a bounded system (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection and (3)view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system.

They are interactive networks which information and communication technology (ICTs) bequeath to the modern society through the instrumentality of the Internet and the telecommunication gadgets. The social media makes it possible to expand the networks and to increase the possibilities for communicating with wider audiences on the globe in knowledge sharing.  Over the year, it has becomes a very useful tools for Nigeria Undergraduates share knowledge through social media sites with various available gadget which has enhance their carrier achievement in the various higher institution.

The interactive aura of the new media confers an unprecedented popularity on them. Also the ubiquity of the social networking sites within their short period of arrival is unparalleled in the annals of media industry. Awake (2011) buttresses this point by noting that ‘‘social networking has become hugely popular. Similarly, it took 38 years for radio to reach 50 million users, 13 years for television to attract the same number and 4 years for the Internet to do so, but it took Facebook 12-month only to gain 200 million users in sharing of knowledge which has become easy and flexible. Social networking sites provide various interactive platforms based on the intentions of their founders. There are for instance, social, political, academic, businesses, sports and religious platform. In other words, the social media site by their nature has the capabilities of educating, informing, entertaining and inflaming the audience. Onomo (2012) acknowledged this ability of the media by remarking that social media sites has become ‘‘a widespread tool for communication and exchange of ideas, sharing of knowledge in helping individuals and organizations with just causes to reach a phenomenally vast audience that could hitherto not be reached by traditional media.’‘

Social connections have become very important and have improved the library profession tremendously in Nigeria. According to Suraweera et al (2011) social networking refers to a process of relationship building among a group with a common interest. Social media emerged in Nigeria principally for the purpose of socializing. The Facebook initially was used only for social discussions, however over time, particularly by the turn of the 21st century the grouping of individuals into specific groups emerged.

The World Wide Web enables people to gain access to information, create content and disseminate ideas more efficiently. It optimizes the social networks in which individuals are connected through widening communication channels and lowering costs (Barsky and Purdon 2006). Social networking sites first emerged for Internet users to find long-lost friends and classmates, link with each other and share profiles. An increasing number of individuals have become members of one or more social networking sites leading to soaring membership numbers, largely because these sites are free and easy to use. Lately, these social networking sites have gained a foothold among companies, organizations, and even politicians who want to reach out to their target populations (Read 2006). The wide application of social networking in different contexts appears to have included universities and libraries as well (Boyd and Ellison 2007).

Thus, since inception, social networking sites like Facebook, twittser,2go, My Space, Skype etc. have mesmerized millions of users, many of whom have been made to use these sites as parts of their daily activities. Currently, there is a plethora of social networks with various features meant to suit the different interests of their followers. Some are accessed via computer alone while others can be used with mobile phones. The first identifiable social networking sites was launched in 1997, six degree. It allowed its users to create profiles, list their friends and in 1998, introduced the friends list where users had the freedom to search for old and new friends. (Zeller 2008).

This however was devoid of the provision for users to upload their profile pictures. Other social networking sites like classmates were founded to aid social interaction among their users but did not have many features like six degrees. Other social networking sites like Friendster and myspace created virtual community, which would help its members locate old and new ones, shape their personal profile via the Internet and socially idea or opinion under the sun. Two years later, Jack Dorsey Launched Twitter as an online blogging site, while the most recent 2go was founded in 2008 by Michael S. Egan. Therefore, just like radio and television, social networking has spread everywhere in Nigeria and are bound to be sprouting as the new media for are still obscure. In other words, from the analysis carried out by the researcher from the world Internet statistics (2012) it was found that out of the total population of 170,123,740 Nigeria, 5,860,240 numbers of people used Facebook as of 2012. Comparing Burundi and Chad with a similar population of 10,557259k and 199 75,648 respectively, the data shows that 37,040 and 36, 940 number of people respectively used Facebook as of 2012. Similarly, Florunso, et al (2010) reviewed that: In Africa, social media networking sites are becoming widely Spread than it has ever been before and it appears that people’s Perception of this technology is diverse. pp.326).

Furthermore, as a novel phenomenon, it is necessary to examine how UNN students use the new means of communication. This is because student’s contribution as youths can make or transform any nation. Essoungou (2010), explain that the new communication technology is one of few ways that young Africans can bypass the inefficiencies in the system that allow the status quo to hold on. It lowers the barriers to entry for everyone to get involved and be heard. A study like this shall help to ascertain whether Students use of the media could be regulated or not. This is obviously because the disposition of people of a given community could shape the media in existence there, just like a cerebral media scholar, Anim (2007)aptly notes that societies greatly influence the operations and functions of the media that operate within those societies.’‘ The manner in which the social media were used and the role they play in the recent uprising which rocked the middle- East popularly referred to as ‘‘Arab Spring’’ could be deciphered as credence to the above academic observations.

Knowledge has always seen as one of the key strategic resources that can produce sustained long-term competitive advantage. Knowledge is the ability of people and organizations to understand and act effectively. Having knowledge supports to cope with daily routine works and it can also set up everyone to deal with new situations and utilize when needed.

Organizations that need to thrive, compete, and operate in an ever evolving environment, cannot leave the development of knowledge within the organization to chance. The exchange of information and knowledge among employees is a vital part of knowledge management. Actually, the organizations are faced with the challenge how to get people to share their knowledge.

For several decades, the world’s best-known forecasters of social change have predicted the emergence of a new economy where brainpower and knowledge, not traditional sources of energy and machine power is the critical resource. However, this future is already here and the knowledge economy has arrived. This evolving era is characterized by rapid change and uncertainty, the increasing importance of knowledge and knowledge management and the popularity of new information technologies that have the potential to radically change the way organization do business.

The single most significant technological development in the last 20 years has been the Internet. The Internet makes it possible for individuals to connect, collaborate and share knowledge, information, document, photo, video, etc. continuously with anyone in the world. Furthermore, people are able to make use of social media tools in order to increase range and richness of their networks, gather information and nowadays, increasingly organizations are finding ways of integrating social media into their business processes (Gaál et al, 2014).

The learning organization. a concept that has been around for some time, and rose to popularity in the 1990s when Senge (1990) introduced his book The fifth discipline. the art and practice of the learning organization. To this day it is seen as an important concept for organizations. Organizations must learn because the environment around them changes so quickly. Therefore, employees (and thus the whole organization) have to learn to handle these changes.

It is the light of the above that this research work will seek to examine the use of social media by undergraduate students in Ambrose Alli Univeristy Ekpoma.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Over the years, social networking sites have metamorphosed from few-user-based sites into phenomena that have become niche for billions of users. The growth and popularity of social networking sites have generated concerns among school authorities, communication experts and socio-psychological researchers about the benefit and potential risks facing undergraduates, as they engage in online social networking to cater for their social and information needs rather than oral or face-to-face communication.

Social media has influenced the educational nationwide in Nigeria and beyond, it introduction has played a significant role in the administration and teaching and learning in both college and university. From researches and past literatures,  many authors have tried to write about  one aspect on the subject of the role of social media by academic library in Edo State.

The literature was extensively review. No work was found in literature  that covered  the use  of social media by  undergraduate students of Ambrose Alli University. Hence  this  study was carried out to  cover this gap.

But not  much was has been carried out in the area of social  media as its been  used by undergraduate in  Edo  State.  Although, several studies has  dealt on the benefits of social  media  on library  services.  Almost  nothing is done on the aspect of social media use by undergraduates  in  Ambrose  Alli University based on  this, this study  aims  to survey the use of social  media by undergraduate students of  Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma.                            

1.3 Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to examine the use of social media by undergraduate students of Ambrose Alli University.

The specific objectives of this study were to:

  1. Determine the extent to which the undergraduate students use social   
  2. Determine where students get access to social media.
  3. Identify the types of social media used by students.
  4. Identify factors encouraging the use of social media by undergraduate students.
  5. Determine the purpose for which the students  use  the social media  

1.4 Research Questions

The following questions will are raised to guide this study:

  1. To what extent do undergraduate students use social media?
  2. Where do students have access to social media?
  3. What are the types of social media used by students?
  4. What are the factors encouraging the use of social media by undergraduate students?
  5. What are the purposes for which the students use the social media?

1.5  Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated for this study:

H01: Undergraduate students of Ambrose Alli University does not make use of social media.

H02: There are no factors encouraging the use of social media by Undergraduate students.

H03: Social media does not significantly influence the performance of undergraduate students.                    

1.6  Significant  of  the  Study   

It is expected that the output of this research will benefit students and the administration of undergraduate students of  Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma as well as show the level of the students’ use of social media sites. This shall help them to understand how best to sustain the students attention on using social media sites. Also this work will be of immense benefit to the field of Library and information sciences as it will be on addition to existing literature. And shall also add to the available academic literatures on social media.

Also the findings could be used by academic advisers and counselors proffer professional advice to the university authorities on how to regulate the social media usage among undergraduate students of undergraduate students of  Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma.

Also, the findings of this study would provide facts that will enable the ministry of communication technology to know what arises from students’ use of the social media sites. This will help the ministry, to know how to control social media usage. Upon successful completion of this research, it shall be very relevant to various people, across Nigeria. 

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research work is undertaken to examine the use of social media by undergraduate students. But due to time, finance and other factors, the study will be limited to Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma Edo Statea as a case  study.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

The following operational definition of terms will be used in this study:

Social media are computer-mediated tools that allow people to create, share or exchange information, ideas, and pictures/videos in virtual communities and networks. Social media is defined as “a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.

Social Networking: Boyd and Ellison (2007) described social networking websites as systems that allow individuals to: (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system.

 

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THE PERCEPTION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ON CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA

THE PERCEPTION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ON CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study examined the perception of undergraduate students on corruption in Nigeria. The objectives of the study include among others, to examine how undergraduate students perceive corruption. In the course of this study, the Naïve Realism theory was employed in other to give an understanding of the problematic of the study. In the course of this research, both quantitative and qualitative sources of data collection were used. Thus, the study found out among others that undergraduate student perceived corruption in Nigeria beyond bribery and embezzlement. Based on the findings of this research, the study recommends among others that the National University Commission  (NUC) should liasise with the Ministry of Education and introduce a general course on corruption into the University’s curriculum so that undergraduate student will be educated on corruption. The anti-graft agencies should be independence to fight corruption to stand still in Nigeria. And a study of this nature should e encourage in the academia to make the citizens know more about the bane of our nation today. All the materials used in this research were acknowledge in the references.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

One of the greatest threats to economic and political development of any nation is corruption, therefore, the challenges of corruption remain a major devastating issue facing Nigeria since the colonial period, although, this phenomena has become a cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fabrics of our system. Nevertheless, its solution rest in our hands and cannot be put off to another day that is why many countries have put in place different mechanism to end the spate of corruption. Corruption in Nigeria has deeply entrenched in the national ethics, politics, civil society, Public and Private Sectors, and has been deeply permeated by a pervasive and debilitating culture so much that it is best regarded as been institutionalized. (Igbuzor O, 2008).

From 1st October 1960 to 2017 Nigeria had civilian and military regimes, and virtually all their inaugural speeches, addressed the fight against corruption was promised as a cardinal principle or advanced as a reasons for toppling a regime. The tough talk against corruption is followed by setting up of special committees or bodies to combat or investigate corruption charges. In 1975, Gen. Murtala regime set up an investigative panel which indicted all the twelve military governors that served under Gen. Yakubu Gowon (Akinola, 2002 cited in Danfulani, 2011).

The two military regimes of Generals Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha were seen as the most corrupt in the history of the nation, yet during their combined 14 years reign, bodies like Transparency International did not rank them the most corrupt nation in the world. (Akinola, 2002). Ironically, the regime of chief Olusegun Obasanjo that resolve on set to make war against corruption a major agenda, got the worst ranking in the history of the nation. Throughout his 8 years reign from 1999-2007, Nigeria top the chat and never left the first five most corrupt nations in the world. (Akinola, 2002). One impeccable realism and feature of Nigeria is that, the more the revenue a regime has at its disposal, the more the scale of corruption. It is on record that the revenue that accrued to the nation’s coffers between 29th May, 1999 to 29th May 2000 surpasses, what accrued to Nigeria from 1st October 1960 to the day chief Obasanjo took over. (Akinola, 2002).

As Nigerian struggle to tame the psycho-social beast know as corruption, they have particularly beamed to searchlight on the behavior of public official (civil servant military and police personnel, elected official etc) and former public officials, contractors, business associates of public official. However, one sector of society that has escaped the penetrating searchlight is education. The educational sector seems to escape critical observation regarding the conduct of educational institutions and the faculties. Therefore, the war on corruption cannot be won without making a determined effort to purge the educational sector of the psycho-social beast. The world today is face with a large number of problems that threaten our survival on this planet. Not all part of the world, however, are equally hit by problems that rank among the most serious threats to the humans race; high rate of unemployment poverty, low level of education, poor technological development, level, gender discrimination, ethnic and religious inequality and high corruption etc.    

These issues are mostly related to the countries in the transition and developing parts of the world. However, in many developed countries, corruption is also endemic within educational sector. Namely, corruption entered this area and serious endangers schools, polytechnics and colleges as well as universities in Nigeria. Corruption in Nigeria’s higher institutions can be defined as “the systematic public office for private benefits, whose impact is significant on the availability and quality educational goods and services, and has impact on access, quality or equality in education” (Hallak and Poission 2002). Unfortunately, very little research has been carried out to compare the cost of corruption on education sector.

More than ever before educational institutions have become profit oriented in their struggle to survive; neglecting their basic function to train quality and adequate personnel’s capable to coping with the crisis which the modern world is facing with nowadays. Corruption is a major problem in a lot of countries, endemic in all sectors. But the one that is perhaps the most troubling is the education sector, most especial in the higher educational institutions of learning in Nigeria.

It is unfortunate the money meant for public education is delivered into the banks account of corrupt bureaucrats and lecturers are underpaid, and students end up paying high fees. Instead of lower amount as school fees, illegal charges of levied on students admission from, embezzlement of funds intended for teaching materials, school buildings, sub standard educational materials are purchased due to manufacturer’s bribe, bribe to auditors for not disclosing the misused funds which have negative effect on Nigeria socio-economy development of the nation in its entity.

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

Corruption has remained an endemic that has undoubtedly eaten deep into the fabrics of the Nigerian society. It continues to pose greater challenge to our prolonged quest for political and socio-economic development. One of the major challenges of identifying corruption is the problem f perception. This posses a major problem to the effort to understand the causes, consequences and pattern of corruption in Nigeria. Ordinary Nigerians have their own perception on what constitutes corruption; some perceive it only in terms of embezzlement while others see it differently. Apart from the fact that corruption takes diverse forms (bribery, conflict of interest, embezzlement, fraud and extortion etc.), there is no broad consensus among undergraduate students on the meaning of corruption.      

When people talk about corruption, usually they refers to public fund siphoned or misappropriated by civil servant, contractor, politician etc. hardly do they think of the type of corruption that destroys the minds of our people and siphons the moral value of our society. This type of corruption is more dangerous and more serious threatening the feature of Nigeria. It is because of these ugly scenario that the researcher want to discuss the effect of corruption on Nigeria’s educational sector especially on the higher institution of learning in Nigeria. There is no doubt that educational institutions in any country are the industry in which future leaders, thinkers, politicians, teachers, workers and what have you are produce. In Nigeria, this industry has deteriorated to the extent that in place of being an agent of purifying the minds of our students to become usefully members of the society, the industry is now diverting the mind of the students from what education is all about.

It has long been observed that our graduates are no longer more measure up to the standards of both internal and external evaluators.

Corruption in Nigeria’s higher educational institutions of learning is very alarming and worrisome. This impediment has crumbled the country potentials. The quality education is the bedrock or channels through which every country producers her future leaders. In Nigeria, the sector has deteriorated to be an agent of purifying and sharpening the minds of the next generation to become useful members of our society has now turned to training ground for corrupt individuals.   

Corruption in Nigeria education sector (higher institutions) is the most dangerous aspect of corruption in the country. The degree of corruption that is taking place in the Nigeria’s higher institution of learning is worrisome and may collapse the country. Therefore, if urgent care is not taken the future of the country is bleak as far as any meaningful development is concern.

In most of the Nigeria’s higher institutions corruption has taken the lead in the process of admission exercises, the applicants are force to pay money before they could be offered admissions. The institution imposed all manner of illegal fees; most students do not attend lectures but bribed their ways to passed with good grade than their colleagues that attends lectures regularly. Most students in various higher institutions of learning resort to all kind of activities to ensure they make good grade in the institution. The female students brings themselves as low as going after some lecturers for marks, a good number of others engaging in their way sorting out by giving money to lecturers to pass them. Even the politicians send names of their candidates to some of the lecturers to pass them in their respective course. Some lecturers threatening the students that whoever did not buy his or her textbook, handout etc will not pass his or her examination. Some students hardly come to school yet when result is published, you will see them smiling while the few ones that study lament often get poor result or grade.   

Obtainable in other sector in the country, that Nigeria’s education sector has continue to suffer from unending scourge of severe corruption and incompetence over the years is not a difficult things to notice in Nigeria’s higher educational institution of learning, funds meant for educational projects are been mismanage without control, corrupt politicians are appointed on universities, polytechnics and colleges of education boards, who politicize the system, learning environment remains unconducive, academicians struggles to get their entitlements among other pressing issue confronting Nigeria’s higher institutions of learning.

Adude (2014) opined that the effects of corruption on the education sector were extensive and damaging because it endangers a country’s social, economic and political future. Corruption in the education affects more people than corruption in other sector, both in rural and urban areas basically schools are breeding grounds for future generations. Corruption threatens equal access quantity and quality of education.

Mohammed (2017); said that broadly, the spectrum of corruption in academic can examined in fourfold, the act of corruption as emanating and supported by the academics themselves (lecturers), the role students plays and contribution of the larger society. The synergy of these four constitutes the formidable phenomenon called corruption in Nigeria higher institution of learning. From whatever point of view one may think about the issue under study, the situation in Nigeria higher institution of learning is alarming and endemic in Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic in which almost every academic process there appear incidences of corrupt practices in it.

1.3     Research Questions

In order to guide the study and achieve the research objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:

  1. How do undergraduates perceived corruption?
  2. Do undergraduates perceived corruption beyond bribery and embezzlement?
  3. How does authors and scholars perceived corruption?
  4. Can corruption be eradicated in Nigeria?
  5. Are anti-corruption agencies playing there role to curb corruption in Nigeria?

1.4     Purpose the Study

The main aim of the study is to under the perception of undergraduate student on corruption in Nigeria. However other objectives include;

  1. To look at the way undergraduates students perceived corruption.
  2. To examine what constitutes corruption from the perspective of undergraduates students
  3. To examine the perceptions of authors and scholars on corruption
  4. To determine the possible ways of eradicating corruption.
  5. The understand the role of anti-corruption agencies in fighting corruption in Nigeria.

1.5     Significance of the Study

The significance of the study cannot be over emphasis. The study will serve as reference material for further research in similar area of study. It will also add value to the bodies of existing knowledge on the subject matter under investigation. The research will also serve as a guide to the educational stake holders as well as the general public on how to prevent and resist corruption tendency in the educational sector in Nigeria. Consequently, the findings and recommendations of the study will also help in reducing the image of the educational sector in Nigeria. In the eye of international community’s which sees Nigeria as the most corrupt nation in Africa.   

1.6     Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The research limits its scope to the perception of undergraduate students on corruption in Nigeria (2017- 2018) with specific focus on Kaduna State University. However, conducting a research of this nature certainly there must be some constraints such as time factor, insufficient funds, lack of free access to relevant literatures and poor cooperation from the respondents at process of conducting interviews and questionnaires administration to the targeted population of the study.

1.7     Definition of Key Terms

  1. Corruption: Advance learning dictionary define corruption as an act of dishonest or illegal behavior especially of people in authority.
  2. Educational corruption: Is define as the systematic use of public office for private gain whose impact is significant on the availability and quality of educational goods and services (Hallak and Poission 2002).
  3. Effect: Means impact or changes that something or somebody causes on other things or persons.
  4. Perception: Means the act of understanding a phenomenon or concept.
  5. Undergraduate: Refer to student in the higher college of learning in University first degree students.
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THE USE OF LIBRARY INTERNET SERVICES BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS FOR INCREASED ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF LIBRARY USERS IN SELECTED POLYTECHNICS IN EDO STATE

ABSTRACT

The study investigates the use of library internet services by undergraduate students for increased academic performance in polytechnics in Edo State. The instrument used for collecting data was the questionnaire. Three polytechnics were selected which are Federal Polytechnic Auchi, Shaka Polytechnic Benin and Kings Polytechnic Ubiaja. The Morgan and Krejcie was used to draw 370 sample population from 11,389 total population from Auchi Polytechnic, also 108 sample population was drawn from 150 total population from Shaka Polytechnic, and 113 sample population was drawn from 164 total population from Kings Polytechnic. A total of 591questionnaires was sent to respondents, while 350 representing 59.2% were retrieved from them. The responses were analyzed using tables and simple percentages. The research revealed that the undergraduate students in polytechnics were aware of the importance of Internet and that some library internet facilities were available in the polytechnics. Similarly, it was revealed that most undergraduate students depended on these internet facilities for their assignments and projects. Finally, it was discovered that the use of library internet facilities increase the academic performance of the users (students). In conclusion, it is important that both students and lecturers should understand and appreciate the usage of library internet facilities in the learning and teaching processes while it is recommended that seminars and workshop should be organized for all students and lecturers to constantly acquaint themselves on the benefits of these services.

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USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY EKPOMA EDO STATE

ABSTRACT

This study surveyed the use of social media by undergraduate Students of Ambrose Alli University. The descriptive survey research design was used. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The population of this study consist of all regular undergraduate Students of Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma Edo State with a total number of twenty seven thousand, three hundred and eighty eight (27,388) However a sample size of 350 students were randomly selected and used for this study. A total of two hundred and seventy nine (279) copies of the questionnaire were retrieved and analyzed with simple table and percentage. It was found that students use social media to maintain relationship and for self satisfaction was found to be the major reasons students use social networking sites. The study also showed that Students used Whatsap, Blogs, YouTube, pinterst and Facebook. Students used social media for group chatting, for sending and receiving of emails, for effective interaction among students and for creation of awareness on school activities. Students used social medial for assignment, to learn from each other, for Research and for self-satisfaction and Students used social medial because it help to share Knowledge on issues related to examination, share Knowledge related to school result and knowledge on social issues. The recommendations were that: institution should try to create WIFI connection in most places on campus and have good internet connection. And they should also try to create an electronic library to enable students’ source for adequate materials in academic library.

PROJECT WRITING GUIDE FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

PROJECT WRITING GUIDE

FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

NOTE: The research topic can be referred to as the “question”, “thesis”, “subject”, “theme”, “title”, or any other such designation that refers to the direction of the research paper.

• (i) “A case study singles out individuals, groups of individuals, institutions, or communities for study. Usually case studies are motivated by problems emanating from the group being studied.” – E. O. Akuezuilo.
• (ii) “A case study is true representation of an actual experience. It includes the steps that were taken, types of people interviewed, data gathered, problems encountered, facts collected, results gathered, questions raised, things learned.” – S. A. Olatunji.

The project content and arrangement depend on your school, level and supervisor.

PRELIMINARY PAGES

i.     Cover Page
ii.    Title Page
iii.   Declaration
iv.   Certification/Approval Page
v.    Dedication
vi.   Acknowledgement
vii.  Abstract
viii. Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction (Sometimes labeled the next)
1.1 Background of the Study – serves the purpose of presenting the background to the problem. In it you explain how you become interested in the problem and why you felt the study was worth pursuing, establishing the need for the study and set forth its purpose. After giving the general background of the study, you carefully establish the need for the study, telling why the information resulting from the study is needed.
1.2 Statement of the Problem – states clearly and directly what the research problem is. The problem should be brief and straight to the point. This makes it possible for even an uninformed reader to secure an idea of the nature of the problems which underlie the rationale for the study.
1.3 Purpose of the Study – this section helps to answer the question, why are you doing this research? How will it help people? What contributions are expecting to make? A good practice is to list the major purposes of the reader to appreciate the nature and scope of the study. The last purpose of the study will normally be to make recommendations based on the findings.
1.4 Hypothesis – hypotheses are tentative answer to researchable problems. They are expressed in form of relationship between independent and dependent variable. In other word, hypothesis can be said to be an idea put forward as a starting for research or explanation especially in a research situation.
1.5 Limitation and Delimitation – you must set forth exactly the bounds of the topic being researched. This answers the question, what is your work limited to? It could be limited to an area, language, etc. This underscores the need to use case studies. Delimitation concerns those eliminated from consideration whereas limitation are those factors inherent in the research situation that might affect the results which you must recognize and acknowledge.
1.6 Significance of the Study – this is to clarify why you think your project is worthy of studying. A brief historical survey related to the problem and the importance of taking the problem further is required.
1.7 Assumptions – this serves to clear every doubt on the minds of the reader.
1.8 Definitions of Terms – this refers to the definition and explanation of those terms that have unique use in the study. They should be words that need definition or clarification.
1.9 Conclusion/Summary – this shall be a brief overview of your project work in the chapter.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

The content of this chapter depends on your research topic.

2.0 Introduction – This is an overview of the work you intend to do. It helps to give direction to you and your readers. After the introduction you go on to divide the research problem into smaller research parts. In it you take one part of the problem and discusses the problem from the point of view of relevant literature.

The starting point of Literature Review is the Library. It helps you as a researcher to understand what other previous writers had written. On the basis of what has already been written you can make informed conclusions.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the entire process of identifying data elements, data source and actual data collection. Data may be collected by observation, interview, questionnaire, experiment, etc.

3.0 Introduction
3.1 The Population
3.2 The Sample Size
3.3 The Data Collection Method
3.4 The Data Analysis Method
3.5 The Chart of how you displayed your data
3.6 Conclusion to Chapter Three

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This is the time for your data to speak and give direction to solving your research questions. The basic elements of the chapter include:

4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Data Analysis – This has to be done in orderly and systematic way with the help of tables, charts and diagrams depending on techniques adopted by the supervisor.
4.3 Conclusion

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In this chapter, you review your entire work and draw conclusions. Much more than any other chapter this is where you now present your views succinctly. Elements of this chapter include:

5.0 Introduction (may include a reminder of the research problem)
5.1 State your conclusions basically derived from your literature reviews and data analysis
5.2 Make recommendation and give appropriate application. The recommendation on area for further studies and research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE

APPENDIX