Tag Archives: Performance

STUDY HABIT AND TYPES OF HOME

INFLUENCE OF STUDY HABIT AND TYPES OF HOME ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN OGBOMOSO NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OYO STATE

ABSTRACT

Study habits are an individual ability. Some children like to read alone, some in a group, some read aloud and some silently; there is no strict yardstick to measure the type of study habits. Many students are unsuccessful in their examinations not because they are short of knowledge or ability, but because they do not have adequate study habits and study skills. Home as the first socialization unit which the child has continuous contact and it is also most powerful medium by which our value system develops. The present study was conducted on 150 senior secondary school II students to find out the influence of study habits and types of home on the students studying only in government schools as well as students belonging to either nuclear or extended family. Study habit and types of home influence questionnaire (SHTHIQ) was used to collect the relevant data. Mean, S.D.and t-test were used to analyze the data. It was observed that at 0.05 level of significance, there exist a significant relationship between study habit, home types and students’ academic performance.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Education is the process through which an individual is developed into individuality and a person into a personality. Each person is different from the other and every individual has some unique potential in some field or the other. Education doesn‟t simply refer to the number of years an individual spends in a school. It refers to the change in behavior, attitude and culture brought about in the individual as a result of his having undergone education during a particular period. Thus, the main characteristic of any educational process is to bring about the best in the individual. Educational activities are geared towards ensuring that students achieve mastery of educational objectives. In school , the extent to which these objectives have been achieved, is determined by their level of peer pressure, time management as students‟ success are reflected in their academic performance (Ashish, 2013).

Today‟s world is moving in a speed which was unheard in the past. Everyone wants to excel. Individual‟s success affects personal and social dimensions of life. In this regard, academic performance is one of the major factors that influence individual‟s success in any educational setting. It is any body‟s guess that good habits and skills will help us to promote efficiency in our tasks. In education, proper study habits and skills entail to proficiency as well as high quality of learning (Dehghani & Soltanalgharaei, 2014). Productive study requires conceptualization and intention. It could include some skills such as note-taking, observation, asking question, listening, thinking and presented idea regarding discovering new information. Thus, learner should be interested in learning and must be able to apply needed skills. On the other hand, inefficient study leads to waste of time and learner‟s energy (Hashemian & Hashemian, 2014).

Study habits and skills like other skills can be taught and learnt. Accordingly, educational researches intend to find out effective ways to improve students‟ study habits, and most suitable age of learners where they can learn those skills.

Study habit therefore, refers to the student ways of carrying out the task of studying by using various techniques and ways in the field of study to keep him afloat along with the wise use of his/her time in studying. Either the study habit is systematic or unsystematic there could always be an impact to student’s academic performance.

The concept of study habit comprises of study attitude, study method and study skill. Attitude towards study has great contribution in academic achievement and good study pattern. Successful students adopt positive attitude towards study and do not waste time or energy”. There are different studies which have studies study habits as a correlate of academic achievement. Anwar (2013) conducted a study to investigate the degree of relationship between study habits and academic achievement of senior secondary school students of Luck now city of

U.P. (India) and found that the academic achievement of the students having good and poor study habits differed significantly in favour of those who has good study habits.

Research indicated that in higher education institutions, academic success will increase by focus on some kind of interventions directed towards learning strategies, study skills, and study behaviors such as time management, using information resources, taking class notes, communicating with teachers, preparing for and taking examinations.

Ashish (2013) opines that if students must ensure academic success throughout the entire year, it is important to ditch bad study habits and establish good ones. He further maintains that no matter what age or academic level, employing effective study strategies can make all the difference between acing a class, barely passing or worse and failing miserably. She admits that many of today‟s most common study methods or habits can lead to utter disappointment despite best efforts and intentions. To Ashish (2013), knowing exactly what does and does not work on a personal level, even tracking study patterns and correlating it with related grades and then proactively creating a study plan and schedule around the proven effective methods, is the most powerful study tool of all.

Generally, study habits can be classified into two-good study habits, and bad study habits. Good study habits according to Katelyn (2013) are sometimes referred to as positive or productive study habits. As the name implies, they are those pleasant study habits which have the tendency to improve the academic performance of students or that seem to produce good results. They are the study habits which make students successful in their studies after developing and applying them throughout their academic career.

Good study habits occur as a result of practice and knowing what methods are most effective for you as a student. When studying, stay away from distractions, such as the computer. Instead of procrastinating, work on a long term assignment daily, instead of studying the night before, study a little each night. Review what you learned in class every day when you get home, before starting homework. Also, a good tip is to review what you did in class the previous day at the beginning of class when you have a few minutes before the teacher starts talking. By learning the ways that you learn the best, you will be successful in your studies.

Katelyn (2013) therefore, identifies fourteen positive or good study habits which students can employ in order to improve their academic performance. They are: attending all classes, reviewing your notes daily, reading material prior to it being covered in class, study daily, have at least one conference with the professor, develop and learn a word list for the course, read materials to improve your background in the course (other than text), attend help session, attend learning resource lab when available, develop a list of possible questions, ask questions in class, study an old exam (when available), avoid a last minute cram session, and sleep at least 8hours the night before exams commence.

However, bad study habits generally range from procrastination, truancy, not taking note, selective reading, studying while watching television or what is generally regarded as distractive study etc. Nikki (2013) identifies bad reading habits to include studying with friends, listening to loud music, studying in uncomfortable conditions, cramming, etc.

There are several factors that tend to affect students study habits. Anything can affect students‟ study habits. Their ability to study and concentrate can be increased by finding a quiet place where they can concentrate.

Distractions such as phones, chat rooms, TM and text messaging, TV, video games, music and computers can all decrease students‟ ability to learn. Whatever is going on around and within a student‟s own mind is going to affect his study habits.

According to Cerna & pavliushchenko (2015), study habits can be affected by factors such as:

  1. Age of a student
  2. Home environment
  3. Studying materials
  4. Television and computer games
  5. Social network (face book)
  6. Students‟ determination and aspiration
  7. Financial and economic status of parents
  8. Surrounding such as entertainment center, games center
  9. The rule of the schools
  10. The teaching style of teachers
  11. The leisure of the students
  12. Some activities in schools
  13. Availability of library
  14. The nature friends and peer group
  15. Assignments and homework restriction
  16. Students‟ parents educational background
  17. Parents not interested and supportive in helping their children study
  18. Household chores
  19. Family problems
  20. Procrastination and poor time management
  21. Students‟ comfort level
  22. The noise level
  23. The lighting level and the availability of items that might be necessary to study or to enhance

The issue of the upsurge of academic failure among the youths is a menace that has stirred both the government and stakeholders in the face. There is a consensus of opinion about the fallen standard of education as a big problem that is hindering the posterity of the nation in terms of man power resources. Most students in secondary school experience academic problem that manifests itself in the form of poor academic performance. Many educational authorities have sought to find out the reasons for the downward trend in the academic achievement of secondary school students.

The family, being a powerful influence on the child and its importance as a primary agent of socialization could in no doubt enhance or hinder the academic achievement of the child depending on the social climate in the family. Variance in psycho-social emotional fortification in the monogamy and polygamy family background could be an indicator to high or low academic performance of students. Research on this aspect has not been exhaustively looked into in Nigeria where the two types of family system is actively practiced bearing in mind the intervening effect of high and low socio-economic status and emotional stability of students which is a pre-requisite to academic achievement.

Wholesome maximum development of the child is the primary concern of any established educational system. Varied views have been advanced regarding this optimum wholesome development and ways of attaining it. Despite differences of views, there is agreement on one point that academic achievement of the individual is the most important component of wholesome development. However, the goal of education cannot be restricted merely to develop the competence only in the student. In fact, it aims at developing the well-integrated person so as to enable him to get adjusted in the society. Hence, the aim of education may be put as bringing out broad personality changes in the individual which includes attitudes, interests, ideals, ways of thinking, work habits, personal and social adaptability etc. besides imparting subject matter knowledge to him. The education of a child starts at very young stage in the family. The parents are the first teachers of a child. This education is called informal education. The education plays the role of an instrument of social change which is imparted to the children initially it the home environment. Here, it is of great consideration that the socio-economic status (Socio-economic status of parents‟ means educational level of parents, the income of family, environment in the family and standard of living of the family) of parents plays an important role in the academic achievement and social behavior of the students.

In home environment there are a number of factors which contribute towards the wholesome development of the child namely, staying facilities, means of recreation, parental personality, administrative and supervisory policies at homes, humanistic relations and democratic discipline among the family members etc. All these factors help in creating conducive home environment for learning and development. The income of family, education level of parents, the quality of life in family, home environment and standard of living influence the educational and social development of children.

The family is the child’s first place of contact with the world. The child as a result, acquires initial education and socialization from parents and other significant persons in the family.

Family structure suggests whether a family is intact or broken. A broken family in the context of this research work is a family that has split or separated for various reasons such as death of a parent, separation, divorce or abandonment that may lead to children being raised by single parents, stepparents or relatives. On the other hand, an intact family refers to a family in which both biological parents are present and living together in the home.

The intactness of a family may not necessarily mean that it functions well or that the children are being well catered for, as all manners of normal conflicts and problems as well as life threatening issues do occur in intact families as well. Structural analysis of families is important because family is the most important and informal socializing agent that moulds the child in society and the future of the child depends upon it. It helps children to recognize and achieve important societal goals. Impliedly, family setting and background play important role in strengthening or upsetting student‟s academic performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the probable contributions of family structure to the academic performance of secondary school students in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Oyo State.

It is appropriate to say that families are different in terms of various factors – socioeconomic status, level of education, size, cultural background, parental involvement in both academic and extra-curriculum activities of the children, domestic issues, organizational and physical closeness, and so on – that affect student’s academic performance.

In the same vein, socio-economic background is another factor that may affect academic performance of students. This background refers to the parent’s educational attainment, occupation, level of income and social class placement. When a child’s needs are not properly addressed, his learning ability could be affected due to lack of motivation.

Generally, the home has been identified as an overwhelming factor affecting students‟ performance academically. It would appear, then, that broken homes may present a very serious danger to the emotional, personality, and mental adjustment of the young adolescent. This impinges on students‟ academic achievement.

How a student takes his or her studies, greatly determines his/her level of academic achievements. The level of preparation and learning strategies developed and employed consciously by students, go a long way to influence their level of academic performance (Ebele & Olofu, 2017).

Thus, study habit is one of the greatest students or learning factors that hugely influences students‟ academic achievements. If undermined by students at all levels, teachers, administrators, parents and guardians, school counselors and the government, then, the trend and menace of students‟ abysmal performance in both internal and external examinations would continue to boom and become more devastating and alarming(Grades are certainly the most well-known indicator of academic performance. Grades are the student‟s “score” for their classes and overall tenure. Grades are most often a tallying or average of assignment and test scores and may often be affected by factors such as attendance an instructor opinion of the student as well. Grading systems vary greatly by county and school; common scales include a percentage form 1- 100, lettering systems from A-F, and grade point averages (GPA) from 0-4.0 or above. Academic performance is a key aspect of educational system. It is a yardstick through which students’ progress, teacher`s effectiveness and over all educational standard is determine. It could be defined as the ability of the students in school work which meet or exceeds the expected grades. Study habits are usually defined as students‟ ability to manage time and other resource to complete an academic task successfully. „Study habit‟ is the amount and kind of studying routines which the student is used during regular period of study occurred in conducive environment.

According to Cerna & Pavliushchenko (2015), academic performance refers to the outcome of education; the extent to which the student, teacher or institution have achieved their educational goals. Academic performance is the ability to study and remember facts and being able to communicate one‟s knowledge verbally or written on paper (Answers, 2010). In the context of this study, academic achievement refers to the extent to which students have achieved mastery of the objectives of the subjects they are exposed to in school. According to (Aremu and Sokan 2003) academic achievement has been observed in school subjects‟ especially Mathematic and English language among secondary school students. The trend of poor achievement of secondary school students has also been confirmed by the West African Examination Council (WAEC). The WAEC result analysis for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 revealed the following statistics of the performance of Nigerian student in secondary schools in public examination. The percentages of students who passed during the years were report to be 22, 54, 13.76, 22.54, 24.94, and 25.99 percent respectively. That is, on the average, less than a quarter (21.94 percent) of the students that sat for the May/June West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examinations obtained credits in five subjects including English and mathematics during the five years (WAEC, 2007-2011).

According to the West African Examination Council Zonal Coordinator, revealed the statistics of the 2012/2013 WAEC. A total of 324, 998 candidates registered for the Examination 168,835 are Males: while 141,242 are Females: candidates who registered for the WAEC examination. Withheld results, the results of 51,876 candidates, representing 16. 73% of candidates are being withheld by the WAEC Board, based on various reports, mostly for these candidates alleged involvement in examination malpractice, while another Statistics shows that a whooping number of 250,487 candidates representing 80. 78% have 2 credits and above, while 217,161 candidates, representing 70. 03 of the total 2012 WAEC candidates, have three credits and above. Several factors have generally been identified as causes of poor academic performance. Morakinyo (2003) believes that the falling level of academic performance is attributable to teachers‟ non-use of verbal reinforcement strategy. Welsh (2007) also found that the attitude of some teachers to their job, poor teaching methods and the like influence students‟ academic performance.

Academic performance is a key aspect of education system. It is a yardstick through which students‟ progress, teacher`s effectiveness and over-all educational standard is determine. Academic performance can be measured through some instruments (Sikhwari, 2014) such as examination and test and the marks, grades and percentage obtained are giving as the results (Awan, Noureen, & Naz, 2011). This result is, what is used to determine student progress, teacher`s effectiveness and the standard of education. Academic performance of students is conceived as the reflection of their ability in academic work (Okeke, & Attah, 2010). Olibie and Ezeoba (2013) see it as how well a student performs in test and examination. The scores of the students indicate their performance which could be either low or high depending on the standard that is set. Student’s score that meets the standard or is above is said to be good or excellent performance and scores below is a poor performance. Ashish (2013) defines poor academic performance as a performance that is adjudged by the examinee/testee and some other significant as falling below an expected standard

Academic performance of a student is a key to educational progress. It determines whether the student will be due for admission, promotion and transition or not (Nyagosia, et al 2013). One other thing tie to academic performance is that it indicates teacher’s effectiveness. Akiri (2013) submits that academic scores of students` are predictors of teachers` effectiveness. This means that high academic performance of students indicates the teacher is effective while poor academic performance indicates teachers` ineffectiveness. The view of Olorundare (2011) is in that direction but, noted that a student could possibly have a good grade in a class of ineffective teacher likewise, in a class an effective teacher, a student could possibly fail. Factors that contribute to teachers‟ effectiveness according to Oredein (cited in Akiri, 2013) includes; teachers relationship with students, teaching experience and qualification, which influence on teaching and learning could be positive or negative that would in either good or poor academic performance (Akiri, 2013). Academic performance of student has been used to describe the quality or standard of the educational system. The prevailing poor performance of students in school and public examination has been seen as the outcome of poor quality of the educational system in Nigeria. Educationist such as Olorundare (2011:4) doubt if the poor performances of students as witness now is not “a reflection of the institutional and structural qualities in the schools.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Most students in Nigerian secondary schools are in greater risk of poor academic performance in both internal and external examinations (WAEC and NECO). For instance, the available records of WAEC result analysis from 2005- 2011 show a continuous decline in students overall performance in school certificate examinations.

Government, parents, teachers and students blame one another for students‟ poor performance in schools. Parents blame teachers for lack of dedication to duties. The teachers blame government for poor salaries hence they are poorly motivated, parents also accuse government for not equipping the schools with learning materials, government blame parents for not doing good homework and the students are blamed for lack of discipline and dedication to their studies.

In light of the above issues, the outstanding and relevant question is: what is the influence of study habit and types of home on academic performance of secondary school students?

1.3     Objectives of the Study

Generally, the purpose of the study was to find out the influence of students’ study habit and types of home on academic performance among senior secondary school students in Ogbomoso North Local Government.

Specifically, the purpose of the study is to find out:

  1. The influence of parental level of education on academic achievement of senior secondary school students.
  2. The influence of family size on students‟ academic
  3. The influence of parental motivation on students‟ academic achievement
  4. Determine the relationship between Students‟ study habit and academic
  5. Examine the relationship between Students’ home type (monogamy and polygamy) and their academic performance.

1.4     Research Questions

The study will provide answers to the following research questions:

  1. What is the influence of parental level of education on students‟ academic achievement?
  2. What is the influence of family size on students‟ academic achievement?
  3. What influence does parental motivation have on students‟ academic achievement?
  4. What is the relationship between Students‟ study habit and academic performance?

1.5     Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses will guide the studying and will be tested at 0.05 level of significance

  1. There exists a significant relationship between parental level of education and students’ academic achievement
  2. There exists a significant relationship between family size and students’ academic achievement
  3. There exists a significant relationship between parental motivation and students’ academic achievement
  4. There exists a significant relationship between Students‟ study habit and students’ academic achievement.

1.6     Scope of the Study

There are many factors affecting the academic achievement of students but this study will only investigate study habits and the home environment or type. Besides, this study will examine only some selected secondary schools in Ogbomoso North Local Government of Oyo State in which data will be collected from samples of Population.

1.7     Significance of the Study

Theoretically, the findings of this study are considered significant because it can help in providing empirical information in identifying and explaining the various study habit and types of home variables and the influence of the variables on students‟ academic performance. This will help in better understanding of the phenomenon. Moreover, it is expected that the findings will help to explain the functionality of the theoretical postulations Maslow‟s motivational theory. According to Maslow, motivation is very important in learning, and a learner under motivated condition, exhibits purposeful behaivour aimed to achieving the set goal. The students is motivated to learn when their physiological need like shelter, food, water, rest and safety needs like love and belonging.

The satisfaction of these needs leads to the quest to satisfy higher needs which boarder on self- esteem and self- actualization. The understanding of this theory especially as it relates to students teachers and parents would be of particular significance to researchers in the field of education and family studies.

Practically, the finding of this study will be useful to the following: the teachers, students, parents, school guidance counselors, Parents Teachers Association (PTA), educational administrators and the society at large.

The finding of the study will be of immense help to the teachers. The teachers will realize the necessity of individualizing their teaching by structuring their teaching methods and instructional resources to take care of the divergent parental backgrounds of the students.

This method may yield more positive result than the traditional system which assumes that all children have similar family background. The findings of the study will also help teachers to exercise patience with slow-learners as they vary methods of instruction to accommodate divergent family background.

The findings will be of immense importance to students. The students will realize that their poor performance might not necessarily be their fault alone, especially those from low status families. Such knowledge will go a long way to reduce frustration in the students and also reduce drop- outs which occur as a result of frustration. Rather, the students should be made to adjust and help themselves by studying hard at home and also make proper of the books and materials that are provided for them at the school library.

Through the findings of this study, parents will realize the importance of improving their educational standard so as to influence their children‟s academic performance. Parents will also understand the need for them to improve their socioeconomic status so as to be able to provide the necessary motivation in form of learning materials and other things which will enhance their children‟s learning and their academic performance. They will equally acknowledge the importance of positive motivations and encouragement and provide some, by making the family environment more conducive for their children.

The school guidance counselors will also benefit from the findings of this study.

They will be in position to guide and counsel students in the area of personal social interactions, academic performance and career choice.

The findings of the study will help Parents Teacher Associations (PTA) of schools in promoting the academic performance of student. This is because at PTA meetings, parents know their functions and responsibilities at home, to help solve their children’s problems both home and school environment.

The findings of the study will be of immense help to educational administrators.

They will use the findings in the formulation of policy that will regulate equal educational opportunities for all children irrespective of their family background in the distribution of equipment, facilities and amenities to schools.

The findings of this study will help the society at large in identifying how family environmental variables such as what parents’ level of education, parents’ income, parents’ occupation, parents’ motivation and family size on student‟s academic performance. This will act as a check on increasing low academic performance among students, occasioned by the fact that some parents, teachers and counselors do not have adequate knowledge/input required of them.

1.8      Definition of Terms

Influence: An effect of one factor on the other.

Study: Ability to apply the mind to learning or understanding of a subject especially by reading.

Habits: The tendencies or dispositions to study and read in a certain or particular way.

Home Type: In this study, it refers to the family where the students are brought up.

Achievement: Refers to the grades both per subject and overall that the students obtain in test and examination. It‟s also refers to performance.

Motivation: Refers to being neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated to perform an activity

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Comparison of JSS Academic Performance

Comparison of Junior Secondary School Academic Performance in internal and External Examination in Social Studies in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

The parameter or yardstick in the measurement or determine into of one’s achievement, success or failure on an assigned duty, specific task, education and or, in a business Endeavour is by the evaluation of his/her performance in their various subjects of study in Nigeria is a thing of long time origin.  And the appraisal of student’s performance in social studies is not an exemption.  The importance of social studies as a subject taught in secondary school in Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized.  It is in this vain that many researchers have studied our school system to identify the various means, channel and or, procedure of impeaching knowledge to our students especially through social studies.

This performance of students is a far cry based on the expected success of institutions of these kinds or nature.  A lot of reasons has been adduced for this inspite of the preparedness of teachers of those schools to deliver.  Some of the students absent themselves from schools for a long time.  This affects their performance because they have lost touch of the essence of regular practice and continuity in social studies.

Secondly, the students do not avail themselves with the use of books which supposed to enhance their performance this is further caused by poor reading habit of some of them and loads of domestic work which their parents engaged them in.

Learning has been so much associated with the school that some people almost think that learning goes on only in schools. This view of learning has been greatly reinforced by such reference to schools as institutions of learning and to Universities, Polytechnics and College of Education as institutions of higher learning (Okoye, 1987). There is no doubting the fact that much learning goes on in school. The school is particularly and specifically arranged so as to facilitate effective learning. Unfortunately the poor condition of our schools, particularly the secondary schools today in the nation raises a lot of anxiety. A cursory look at these schools in spite of government efforts reveals schools dominated by dilapidated buildings, school void of good furniture and equipment, schools where instructional materials are either not provided or are inadequate; school that are under-staffed; schools, where teachers’ salaries and allowances are not promptly paid, schools that have not been inspected for the last 15 years; schools where there are no discipline among other things.

The government, and especially the parents are very much concerned with the quality and volume of learning acquired by their children, wards and citizens as this is related to the quality and quantity of the contribution which the individual can make to his immediate family, community and the nation as a whole. (Thorndike, 1931).

Several studies by Sociologist, Psychologists and Educationists showed that the type of schools a learner attends has profound influence on his academic achievement. For instance, Bibby and Peil (1974) noted that children who attended private secondary schools performed better both internal and external examination than pupils in public secondary schools. This view is also supported by Lioyd (1966) as he contended further that the public schools which saw education as good thing, tended to leave the question of educational success or failure in the hands of the public and their parents. This implies that the business of education is not taken with all the seriousness it demands in the public schools. This of course is what may be regarded as the general apathy of the citizenry to government’s owned business or property. A situation that has resulted in lackadaisical attitude of government’s workers, including teachers in the public schools tend to believe that an intelligent child would succeed automatically at school without any active assistance coming from them.

In a study jointly carried out by the Federal Government of Nigeria, UNICEF and UNESCO in 1977 to monitor the learning achievement of secondary school students throughout the Federation, it was shown that most of the private schools had means in the three areas tested higher than the national means and that of their public counterpart.

Similarly, Yoloye (1998) while assessing the situation of education in Niger State compared the quality of education in five states of the federation namely, River, Imo, Enugu, Anambra and Bayelsa. He compared performance between urban and rural schools; private and public schools, as well as between male and female secondary school students. He concluded that while Niger State comes last in almost all the sub-sector analyzed, the only cheering exception is in the private schools where it performed better both in internal and external examinaton than other states and indeed exceeded the grand mean. He did not give reasons for low or high achievement.

The study therefore sought to find out if there is any difference in students’ academic attainment in internal and external social studies examination in  junior secondary schools in the said local government council areas in the study. It also highlighted the causes of such differences in academic achievement and suggested measures to rectify the differences so discovered.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Academic performance of students in the Social Studies internal and external Examination has received much attention of late in the Nigerian educational system. At the beginning of every academic year when results are released, educational stakeholders raise a lot of concerns about the falling performance of students. In Nigeria, junior secondary Schools are three times better in internal examination than external examination. Schools provide quality education, have good supervision, high parental commitment, motivation and good methodology leading to the commitment of students in their education but the students do not have confidence enough while writing external examination and this could be as a result of strange face of the supervisor whom they are not familiar with, then this research work consider it more important to compare the relative academic performance of the junior secondary school student in both internal and external Social Studies Examination in Warri South Local Government Area.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

  1. To examine the academic performance of student`s by comparing the Social Studies internal and external Examination result of some selected secondary Schools in the said area.
  2. To investigate the factors accounting for the student’s performance in the Social Studies Examination in secondary Schools.
  3. To find ways to improve the academic performance in our secondary Schools.

1.4     Research Questions

Answers were provided to the following questions in this research work:

  1. Will there be any difference in academic performance between internal and external social studies examination in Warri South?
  2. What variables are responsible for this difference(s) in this said Town?
  3. What measures can be put in place to improve the situation?

1.5     Statement of Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a tentative statement linking two or more variable in a correlation to establish a relationship that, further subjection to test will confirm such relationship as either positive or negative. The following are the two hypotheses that are to be tested.                  

H0: Social Studies student does not perform significantly better in internal examination than external examination.           

H1: Social Studies student perform significantly better in internal examination than external examination.  

1.6     Scope of the Study

 This research work is aimed at the comparison of junior secondary school academic performance in internal and external examination in social studies in Warri south local government area. Due to current emphasis on education in the country by the government and in order to reduce the country’s academic degradation, in solving this problem, this study focused attention on this comparison and to suggest possible solution to the problem.

1.7     Limitation of the Study

The study is on the comparison of junior secondary school academic performance in internal and external examination in social studies in warri south local government area. This study is limited to government secondary schools in Delta State.

Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project.  Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:

  1. Time: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.
  2. Finance: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
  3. Information Constraints: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private and even government schools. The staffs in all these schools are finding it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy.

Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.

1.8     Definition of Key Terms                                         

To make a research work such as this comprehensive to even an average reader, it became every important to define some salient features involved in the theme. These salient terms are defined as follows:

Curricular: It is the aggregate of courses of study given in a school, college, university, etc

Performance: Accomplishing or achievement of specific goals, objectives or set mark in any academic Endeavour. It is one of the most common criteria of evaluating effectiveness of schools.

Learning: the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught.

Education: Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits of a group of people are transferred from one person to another

Students Attitude: this refers to the opinions or feelings that students usually have about their studies.

Teaching: Teaching is simply referred to as the activities of educating or instructing.

Qualified Teacher: For this study a teacher who holds the following certificate is assumed to be qualified: NCE, B.Ed., B.Sc. (Ed), B.Sc. and PGDE

Innovation: is a way of changing and adapting for the purpose of attaining certain goals and aspirations

Challenges:  Challenges is seen as a call to someone to participate in a competitive situation or fight to decide who is superior in terms of ability or strength

 

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COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT

THE EFFECT OF COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT

The study deals with the investigation of the effect of compensation management in organizational performance: a case study of Copen Group. In today’s work environment, there is more change and uncertainty, there is increased need for empowered employees, there is decline in traditional incentives, there is rise of nontraditional incentives and there is increased use of variable compensation. In organization, compensation is usually narrowed to cash and as a result, employers only have a tunneled vision when it comes to the issues of compensation for their employees. In pursuit of the objectives, a survey research was carried out in the area and the population used for the study was obtained from Copen Group in Enugu. Sample size of 80 was determined using Taro Yamane’s statistical formula. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview and thereafter tables and statistical tools were used for presentation and analysis respectively. Findings of the study indicate revealed that employees’ level of job satisfaction is negatively affected by the fact that their remuneration is not commensurate with the tasks they perform and job security is not guaranteed. The study concludes that COPEN group is one of the vital sectors necessitating the growth and development of Nigerian economy, therefore, it is vital for organisations to embark on effective compensation management policies that will project and promote employees performance. Recommendation from the study states COPEN group should improve their compensation strategy and remuneration to boost employees’ dedication and commitment to efficiently deliver good customer service. This will improve the sector’s image

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Compensation Management is one of the most complex and dynamic issues in organizational performance. For an organization to achieve its stated objectives, there is the need to effectively manage compensation, taken into cognizance one of the core aspect of resource management known as compensation management (Anyebe, 2003). The ability of a manager to achieve its stated objectives to a large extent depends on the effective implementation of compensational packages in order to motivate the subordinates and employees within and beyond their expectation. Compensation Management plays a crucial and functional role because it is the heart beat of human resource management. It is also vital to both employees and the employer (Begbie, Bussin, & Schurink, 2011). This is because employees typically depend on wages and salaries, and must be equivalent to the work done. However, to managers, compensation decisions influence the cost of doing business and thus, their ability to sell at a competitive price in the product market (Barry et al, 1995) It is an obvious fact that effective implementation of favorable compensation management will not only aid in stabilizing and retaining employees but also helps in reducing labour turnover within the organization. Employees’ compensation can be seen as all forms of financial returns and tangible benefits that employees receive as part of an employment relationship. It can be referred to as the totality of the financial and non-financial rewards an employee receives in return for his/her labor or services (Bernadin 2005).

Sola & Ajayi (2001) see compensation management as a process of establishing the structure of wages level for the various positions designing incentive systems, setting individual wages and incentives within the established structures. It is an integral part of human resources management that affects the performance of employees because it establishes the degree of relationship between employer and the employee. The manufacturing sector is one of the sectors responsible for the food and beverage industry. It is one of the sub-sectors of the manufacturing sector but responsible for the manufacturing of daily products, beverages, seasoning, convenience foods confectionaries and staple foods (Harrison, & Liska, 2008).

The turbulent management-labour crisis over continuous agitation for increased pay in the public services all over the world is challenging public sector organizations to utilize their employees more effectively to improve organizational performance (Hewitt, 2009). In Nigerian Civil Services, pay has become the driving force for seeking employment in the industry. It therefore becomes imperative that organizations establish and adopt a compensation system that can motivate employees to work while at the same time not eating too deep into the organization’s resources New Delhi (Chiang, & Birtch, (2008). Remuneration does not simply compensate employees procedures that will attain maximum return on Naira spent in Compensation is payment in the form of hourly wages or annual salary combined with benefits such as insurance, vacation, stock options, etc. that can positively or negatively affect an employee’s work performance. Compensation is the remuneration received by an employee in return for his/her contribution to the organization. It is an organized practice that involves balancing the work-employee relation by providing monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees. Compensation is an integral part of human resource management which helps in motivating the employees and improving organizational effectiveness (Danish & Usman, 2010).

Employees are pivotal to the achievement of organisational goal and enhancing the competitive advantage of the organisation in the global world and within the industry where the business firm is operating. Hence the leadership role of the employee’s in achieving this cannot be underestimated and to this done adequate measure must be put in place by the organisation through well managed compensation structure (Pearce, 2010). Therefore, compensation management as one of the fundamental functions of human resource department is meant to attract, retain, developed employees toward attaining organisational effectiveness, efficiency and competitive advantage in the globalised world (Adeoye, 2001; Tsai, 2005; Adeoye, Elegunde, Tijani & Oyedele, 2012).

Compensation management is a veritable instrument that affects the decision of job applicants and employees within the organisation. It has aided the firms to achieve their competitive edge over their competitors in the industry (Heneman & Judge, 2000; Ivancevich, 2004; Hyondong, 2006). Furthermore, a lot of monetary resources are invested on crafting, organising as well as administering organisational remuneration arrangement. Despite its vital contribution toward the success and development of the firm, scholars and even practitioners have lamented that there is a slow pace in the advancement of compensation research (Heneman & Judge, 2000; Kersley & Forth, 2005). In most recent times, the plan release cum adoption of reward management, have gone through a major shift that are dramatic in nature. This has reflected the motivational aspect in the employees’ leadership roles and performance (Heneman & Judge, 2000; Purcell et al., 2003).

In the context of organisational effectiveness, leadership roles cannot be underestimated and the critical existence of an organisation is largely anchored on the leadership that exists within the sphere of the firm. It is reiterated that the wire link between the vision, strategic direction and change of the organisation is leadership. Leadership has been in existence for as long as people on earth have co-existed and it is present in all the cultures (Rukmani et al., 2010; Fibuch, 2011). Bontis and Serenko (2009) and Ilies et al., (2006) viewed leadership from the managerial perspective and opined that managerial leadership is the grace to be able to encourage, arouse, mentally excite, propagate, anchor, visibly coordinates the organisational goals, and show good examples to subordinates. Articulate leaders must be ready to give feedbacks about the different aspects of the subordinates’ effort that may have positive result on self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and commitments of employees with focus on areas of improvement (Shea and Howell, 2009; Jawahar, 2006; Bontis & Serenko, 2009).

1.2     Statement of the Problem

In today’s work environment, there is more change and uncertainty, there is increased need for empowered employees, there is decline in traditional incentives, there is rise of nontraditional incentives and there is increased use of variable compensation. In organization, compensation is usually narrowed to cash and as a result, employers only have a tunneled vision when it comes to the issues of compensation for their employees. The company has also attempted to give attention to employee compensation strategies. However, employees themselves have failed to recognize the fact that their compensation is a package and not only related to cash. The byproduct of the above understanding of compensation strategy is that it is managed to a moderate extent and most of the time employee performance could be affected and vice versa. The study therefore sought to address this gap by investigating the effect of compensation management in organizational performance.

1.3     Objective of the Problem

The main objective guiding the study was to investigate the effect of compensation management in organizational performance: a case study of Copen Group

The specific objectives are:

1 to determine the extent at which compensation management affect employee’s performance in Copen Group 

2 To access the rate at which welfare services affect employee’s performances in Copen Group 

3 To explore relationship between compensation management and improved productivity in Copen Group 

4 To explore the relationship between compensation management and retirement of staff in Copen Group 

1.4     Research Questions

1 What is the extent at which compensation management affect employee’s performance in Copen Group?

2 what is the rate at which welfare services affect employee’s performances in Copen Group? 

3 what is the relationship between compensation management and improved productivity in Copen Group? 

4 what is the relationship between compensation management and retirement of staff in Copen Group? 

1.5     Hypothesis

Hypothesis One

Ho: Compensation management does not affect employee’s performance in Copen Group 

Hi: Compensation management affect employee’s performance in Copen Group 

Hypothesis Two

Ho: welfare services does not affect employee’s performances in Copen Group 

Hi: welfare services affect employee’s performances in Copen Group 

Hypothesis Three

Ho:  there is no significant relationship between compensation management and organization

Hi: there is a significant relationship between compensation management and organization

Hypothesis Four

Ho:  there is no significant relationship between compensation management and retirement benefits of staff

HI: there is a significant relationship between compensation management and retirement benefits of staff.

1.6     Scope of the Study

The study covers only Copen Services Limited which is articulated and organised firm with diversified interests in Real Estate, Construction, Services, and Consultancy.

Copen Services Limited is the fruit of the desire of a number of young, honest, knowledgeable and experienced professionals, with over 20 years cognate post-graduation/practical experience in public and private service, to pool together their resources for the service of humanity. 

1.7     Significance of the Study

Compensation management in organization is an important business approach because it can enhance a company’s ability to achieve the ultimate goal and gain competitive advantage over its competitors.

This study is important for organization, employees, academia and even government. Customers will have access to better and qualitative services from the organization. Employees can also have improved conditions of service due to better organizational performance. Organizations can gain in terms of superior performance. The research can also benefit the academia in terms of addition to knowledge.

1.8     Limitation of the Study

There always exist many constraints militating against a good research work. Among these limitations/ constraints include the unwillingness attitude of some individuals and civil servants to come up with relevant information, for some reasons best known to them.

Another constraint is that of reaching to the appropriate respondents. Most of our respondents do not reside where they can be easily reached and this posed a problem for the researcher.

Besides, some of the respondents subjected the researcher to some rigorous bureaucratic process thereby making it hard for the researcher to get some relevant information needed for the study and this also posed a limitation to the researcher.

However, despite these constraints, the research was successfully carried out through persistence and perseverance.

1.9     Definition of Operational Terms

Compensation: The process of concealing or offsetting a psychological difficulty by developing in another direction.

Management: the process of dealing with or controlling things or people

Organization: an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department.

Performance: the action or process of performing a task or function.

Business: A business is an organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities. A company transacts business activities through the production of a good, offering of a service or retailing of already manufactured products

Profit: a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

Money: Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context.

Productivity: the effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input.

 

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EMPLOYEE RELATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE RELATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT

Employee relation is a set of organizational functions and practices that deals with issues related to people as staffing, compensation and benefit, performance management, organizational development, health and safety, communication and administration (Muhammed, Sohail, &Riaz 2013). The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of employee relations on organizational performance in Michelle Pharmaceutical Company, Thinker’s Corner Enugu, Enugu Nigeria. Three research question were formulated to guide the study. The study adopts the scientific management theory, human relation theory, conflict theory and the two factor theory. The population comprises of a random sampling of 171 working staff of which 160 were properly filled and collected. The researcher used a descriptive survey design; data was collected through a questionnaire developed by the researcher. A descriptive statistics was adopted to know the mean, standard deviation and the variance. The values were presented in a table. The research was validated at a significant of 0.05. The study conclude that Michelle Pharmaceutical Company, Thinker’s Corner Enugu, Enugu Nigeria practices employee relation. The study also figured out the component of employee relations of the company and also enlist the strategy of employee relation the company adopt to ensure good organizational performance. It is recommended that organizations should create a work environment that promotes work-life balance and give their employees the flexibility to balance both in the aspects of their life which will improve relations and ultimately create a strong team. The findings of the study are expected to provide a source of information for policy makers, researchers and human resources professionals to understand link between employee relations and organizational performance.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study

An organization is a structural component that is made up of sub-component such as man, materials and money which work interrelated and interdependently in the achievement of organizational objective. All these sub-component must work together before an organization can increase or improve in its performance. But among them, man which is the employer and the employee must exist in a cordial relationship between themselves and with the organization so as to enable them actualized the objective of the organization, manage the materials and money and also have a satisfactory working environment. Again, the employees in the organizations are the vital elements an organization should always strive hard to satisfy because without the employees, the organization would find it difficult to survive. In that case, the employer in an organization must have a good employee relation which will help the employees feel relaxed and satisfied in their workplace.

However, in context to the prevalent discussion, employee relation is seen as the fairness, trust, and the harmonious relationship that exist among the employers and their employees within organization which has a positive effect on organizational performance (Bingham, 2016). It is also seen in simple terms as the relationship that exists between the employer and the employee. According to Muhammed, Sohail, & Riaz (2013) in their research “impact of employee relation on employee performance in hospitality industry of Pakistan” view employee relation as a set of organizational functions and practices that deals with issues related to people as staffing, compensation and benefit, performance management, organizational development, health and safety, communication and administration. These means that people separated as staff should have connections or relationships among each other which will enable them work together as a team in getting a setting work done. Nevertheless, employees who have worked so hard need to be compensated and grant benefit that will make them satisfied in their workplace. In order to determine the workplace satisfaction of employees, certain variables such as health, safety, employees’ canteen, compensation, benefit, communication and many other variables need to be considered so that the organization can improve in its performance.

Therefore, an organization can only improve in its performance when the employees that work in that organization have developed a sense of belonging, and go extra mile to help the organization prosper. It is against this boundary that this study seems to investigate the effect of employee relations on organizational performance using Michelle Pharmaceutical Company as a case study.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

In recent time, some organizations have been decreasing in its performance due to inadequate management abilities of employee relations by the human resource department which is in charge of the employee’s welfare within the organization. Organizations can only improve in its performance if only a proper employee relation is adopted and maintained. However, relatively little has been written about the everyday management strategies involved in management of the contemporary relationship. Over the years the Chartered Institute of personnel and Development has undertaken a series of interviews with human resource professionals that were designed to establish what significance the term employee relation has for them and their organization.

Nevertheless, the vital determinants of work place performance are employee relationship which has been given little, if any priority. The aspect of employee- employee relations and how it relates to performance has not been given the attention it deserves by management. This is based on the fact that employees in every organization should be regarded as the most valuable assets in that organization. Hence their workplace environment impacts a lot on whether the organization achieves its goals.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

The objectives which this study seems to achieve are as follows:

  1. To find out the extent employee relations is practice in this organization.
  2. To determine the components of employee relations the organization gives attention.
  3. To examine the extent employee relations strategies could be used to improve performance.

1.4     Research Questions

In the context of this study, the research asks the following questions:

  1. What is the extent of these organizational practices of employee relations?
  2. What are the components of employee relations in this organization?
  3. How can employee relations strategies improve organizational performance?

1.5     Research Hypotheses

The hypotheses will be testing the significant of the research question base on the following:

H1     Organizational practices of employee relation have a positive effect on organizational performance.

H0     Organizational practices of employee relation have no positive effect on organizational performance.

H1      Employee relations has some component that significantly affects organizational performance.

H0     Employee relations has no component that significantly affects organizational performance.

H1         Employee relation strategies has a positive effect on organizational   performance.

H0         Employee relation strategies has no positive effect on organizational performance.

1.6     Significance of the Study

To the organization, it will help identify means of having better employee relations. It offers some useful information about employee relation that can be used for further scientific research.

To the researcher, it can contribute to build up researcher’s knowledge and understanding on the aspect of employee relation by providing awareness to the examined organizations about employee relation and how it affects organizational performance.

To the reader, it will widen his/her knowledge on how employee relation should practice in organization.

To the employees, it will help them to know how there can be able to relate with one another within the organization which will help them in making their work less stressful and it will also help them to know the better ways to get their work done more effectively and efficiently.

1.7     Scope of the Study

The study was done mainly in Thinkers’ Corner where the researcher was able to get all the relevant individuals.

1.8     Limitation of the Study

In the process of carrying out the study, the researcher encounter the following difficulties:

Collection of Population Sample: The researcher found it difficult to collect the population sample from the proposed company due to some privacy. It was after some series of verification through a letter submitted to the company by the researcher which serve as a means of evidence showing that the population were meant for academic purpose only.

Administration of Questionnaire: The researcher also at first meet for the distribution of the research questionnaire through the help of the proposed Company’s Administrative manager was turned down. It was when the researcher have to go back there with the Head of Department that the questionnaire was administered and was collected after 1 week and 5 days.

1.9     Definition of Terms

1.9.1  Employee: These are the people spending their time, energy working within an organization in exchange for money. It is a person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business. It is also an Individual who works part time or full time under a contract of employment, whether oral or written, express or implied, and has recognized rights and duties.

1.9.2  Employee Relation: It is a tripartite (it involve the employer, employee and the government) relationship that exists within an organization. It can also be seen as a relationship between the employers and the employees which makes the employee to feel comfortable in the workplace.

1.9.3  Organizational Performance: In the ’50s organizational performance was defined as the extent to which organizations, viewed as a social system fulfilled their objectives. It can also be seen as the ability of an organization to exploit its environment for accessing and using the limited resources.

1.9.4  Job Satisfaction: It is referred to job satisfaction as the positive feelings and attitudes employees hold about their jobs.

1.9.5  Performance Management: Performance management is a systematic process for improving organizational performance by developing the performance of individuals and teams. It is a means of getting better results by understanding and managing performance within an agreed framework of planned goals, standards and competency requirements. Performance management is defined as a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organizations by improving the performance of the people who work in them by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors.

 

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INFLUENCE OF CHILD-BEARING ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

INFLUENCE OF CHILD-BEARING ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF STUDENT MOTHERS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE

 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to find the influence of early marriage and childbearing on academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers in tertiary institutions in Enugu State. Three tertiary institutions in Enugu State were used for the study. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study.  The total population of the study was 450 and the sample size of 150 student mothers was drawn from the population using simple random sampling technique. A 33-structured questionnaire was used to collect data while statistical mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis. Hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 significance level. The findings of this study revealed that early marriage, childbearing and other domestic challenges has no influence on both academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers. The study also showed that there is no significant difference between childbearing and academic achievement as well as educational attainment of the student mothers. Based on the findings the researcher recommended that coping strategies should be adopted by the student mothers.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Education is believed to provide knowledge and resources that hold potentials for economic empowerment, for better livelihood and social development. Jekayinfa (2009) postulated that the educational system of any society is an elaborate social mechanism designed to bring about in the persons certain skills and attitudes that are adjudged to be useful and desirable in the society. As a result of the necessity for education, there has been the view that one who ceases to learn ceases to exist although the one may be living. Education is not only seen as a human right, but it is also viewed as an instrument to fight poverty and universal apparatus to promote economic advancement for developing countries. Amartya Sen takes this one stride further, claiming that education leads to development, which in turn leads to an increase in freedom (Sen, as cited in Adu-Gyamfi, 2014). For this reason, there are thus several motives to encourage and promote universal education.

All over the world, people hold the view that education is the cardinal channel to accomplish sustainable transformation and development. Education contributes to the progress of analytical mind and reasoning power in the personality which assists him or her to build up a sense of confidence, self-esteem and self-respect. In coming years, a nation that does not educate its children (especially female) will be undermined in terms of the economic productivity and social welfare of its people”. Female education has noteworthy implications for maternal and child welfare development. Education is an ongoing effort towards further development of the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, and physically balanced. Such an effort is designed to produce citizens who are knowledgeable and skilled, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of attaining a high level of personal wellbeing and be able to contribute to the advancement of the society and the country at large.

Education provides the platform for the acquisition of knowledge, skills, habits and values for productive living in the society. As a result of this, education equips individuals with the personal capabilities for survival in and contribution to the societal development. Globally, socio-economic and political developments are increasingly being driven by the advancement and application of knowledge (education). Education attainment is long-term, it is more about reaching your academic goals and one’s ambition of getting higher degrees and qualifications while Academic performance is short-term and involves more of the statistics of what one did for instance in GPA grades. To this end, higher institutions of learning are established to give students sound and qualitative education so that they can become more productive, self-fulfilling and attain self-actualization. This is why the Federal Government of Nigeria (2004) in the National Policy on Education highlights the aims of higher education as:

  1. the acquisition, development and inculcation of the proper value-orientation for the survival of the individual and society;
  2. the development of the intellectual capacities of individuals to understand and appreciate their environments;
  3. the acquisition of both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to develop into careful members of the community; and
  4. the acquisition of an objective view of the local and external environment.

Higher institutions in Nigeria are expected to achieve the above aims through teaching, research, and dissemination of existing information and the pursuit of service to the community and by being a store house of knowledge. However, study by (Aluede and Aluede, inOnoride, 2011) have shown that many higher institutions in Nigeria are finding it increasingly difficult to achieve the highlighted aims because of many crises that have rocked the institutions. Such crises, in recent times, have come to be recognized as one of the most visible perennial problems of significance when compared with other social vices like cultism, examination malpractices, drug abuse and so on leading to indefinite closure of schools and other attendant problems (Aluede, Jimoh, Agwinede and Omoregie, in Onoride, 2011). Magagula (2007) argued that the basic functions of higher institutions are to teach students and impart knowledge; to develop critical and analytical skills; to inculcate appropriate values, norms and attitudes; to create and extend the existing knowledge with a view to establish facts and truths through critical reflection and objective thinking; and improve the quality of life of community members through community service initiatives. The importance of higher education to national development cannot be overemphasized. However, no meaningful development can take place in a crisis-ridden system torn apart by crisis as witnessed in the educational institutions in the country today. Studies have shown that crisis/conflict in any organization is inevitable and is as old as the higher institutions in Nigeria itself. Today, students’ militancy in the nation’s higher institutions have come to be an issue for serious concern. This is more so in an organization as a higher institution with a structure that allows two or more units or groups to share functional boundaries in achieving its set objectives.

Birth, marriage and death are the standard trio of key events in most people’s live. But out of these three events; ‘marriage’ is a matter of choice (Bunting, 2012). The right to exercise that choice was identified as a principle of law starting from the Roman era and has been established in the international human right instruments. Yet, many girls enter into marriage without any choice of exercising their right to choose. Most of them forced themselves into marriage while schooling for the sake of finding help. Others are simply too young to make a matured decision about their marriage partner or about the consequences of marriages itself. They may have given what passes for ‘counsel’ in the eyes of the law, but in reality, consent to their binding union has been made due to poverty (Bunting, 2012).

The axiom is that once a girl is married while schooling she has automatically become a woman regardless her age and it may possibly affect her academic performance and well-being. There are various forms and causes of female marriage while still schooling, but one issue is prominent, which is marriage while still in school affects the female’s academic performances because combining domestic jobs to lectures, assignments and exams is a task that can’t be met. The right to free and full consent to marriage is recognized in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and in other human right instruments (Shehu, 2010; Bunting, 2012). Female Students getting married has a profound physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional impacts, which has the capacity to dash away the educational opportunities and chances for personal growth. It almost leads to pregnancy and childbearing, and is likely to result into a lifetime domestic and sexual subservience.

For many young girls in developing countries, marriage is perceived as a means of securing and protecting their future. Girls are forced into marriage while still schooling by their families while they are still children in the hope that marriage will yield them returns financially and socially without considering the negative effect it will bring to the students’ academic (Shobba, 2009). On the contrary, marriage while schooling violates the rights of the female students with negative implications. It compromises their overall development, leaving them socially isolated with little or no education, skills and opportunities for employment and self-realization. These conditions ultimately make married female students susceptible to poor academic performance. These married female students are required to do a disproportionate number of chores, which includes new roles and responsibilities as wives and mothers. The young bride’s status in the family is frequently dependent on her, demonstrating their fertility often within the first year of her marriage. At this time, she is not psychologically, emotionally and physiologically prepared for these roles. Additionally, this married female students are made responsible for the care and well-being of future generations while still children themselves. Young mothers with no decision-making powers, restricted mobility and no economic resources are likely to transmit this vulnerability to their kids. Therefore, marriage of female students while still schooling directly compounds to feminization of poor academic performance and intergenerational poverty (Shobba, 2009).

 The mindset of the society does not allow girls for higher education in that, it promotes gender inequality and ensures prioritization of economic resources for boy-child (ren). They get fewer opportunities not only in education, but also in all facets of life (Daraz, 2012). Studies conducted by Goldien, as cited in Onoride (2011) revealed that many young married female students face many problems and leave their education uncompleted due to different social and cultural factors. Even if they are fortunate to complete their education, their performance is abysmally poor. This termination of education and abysmal poor performance in their studies is the outcome of the challenges encountered when combining education with their responsibilities as home-keepers in their families.

There has been consensus in literature that marriage of girls still in school disrupts, disturbs and distorts the academic performance and well-being of female students, but these does not imply that all married female students perform poorly in education (https://nairaproject.com/projects/3674.htm) Marriage while still in school poses great threat to the academic performance and well-being of students coerced into it. Poor attendance to class, limited time to read and study, digressed focus from academics to families’ welfare, withdrawal at times and poor time management. All these challenges have been identified in existing literature as the effects of marriage on the academic performance and well-being on female students. Results from some studies revealed that physical discomforts, dizziness, morning sickness, tiredness, excessive spitting and general body pains were some common physiological challenges reported that prevented most pregnant students from learning effectively. In most situations, morning sickness prevented students from attending morning lectures particular when the lecture is scheduled for the early hours of the day. Regular missing of impromptu scheduled lectures and examinations is also common as pregnant student reported that sometimes these activities coincide with their planned antenatal care visits which they have no control over (https://nairaproject.com/projects/3674.htm).

A woman may enthusiastically embrace the simultaneous roles of mother and student; however, undertaking these two roles, even in ideal conditions, can pull one person in two directions (Springer, Parker, &Leviten-Reid, 2009).

Combining motherhood and studying without compromising the activities of either one is a great dilemma for student mothers. When a woman must focus all her attention on her studies, her behavior may contrast with her traditional motherhood role (Visick, 2009). While discourse regarding the “good mother” in any society is based on the traditional motherhood role (Goodwin &Huppatz, 2010), its definitions vary by society given the different experiences and challenges of motherhood in diverse cultures (Zhang, 2011). Role challenges cause women to abandon one role for the sake of the other (Springer et al., 2009). Myths, expectations, and ideals available in the campus culture can influence this behavior.

Academic activities are intertwined with challenging competitions. Therefore, motherhood responsibilities impose a large burden on students’ shoulders. The academic community focuses mainly on success, development, and never-ending competitions without providing any support (Moghadam, Khiaban, Esmaeli&Salsali, 2017). Therefore, taking on motherhood along with studies is not considered normal in universities. Student mothers experience unpleasant emotional pressures and receive negative feedback from the academic setting, implying that education is the first priority. Moreover, prejudice towards student mothers and the labelling of them as non-productive stimulate avoidance behaviors and a discriminatory allocation of educational resources to other students (Springer et al., 2009).

Studies showed that whenever the roles of mother and student overlapped, student mothers made their families and children a priority over their educational duties (Forster and Offei-Ansah,2012). Priority to the family and responsibilities of marital life created problems for doing academic tasks, because the comfort of the family and children was more important than studies for female students (Forster &Offei-Ansah, 2012). In a study entitled College students as mothers, Erk stated that U.S. student mothers made many sacrifices to overcome obstacles and achieve success (Erk, 2013). One example of sacrifice mentioned by the participants was the need to spend time with a sick child at the cost of losing educational goals.

 Other studies have confirmed that one cause of emotional turmoil and stress for student mothers was their child’s illness. Almost all student mothers stated that the fear of losing a child to illness was so great that they stayed with their ill children all the time until they got well, even if it prevented them from attending to academic tasks (Esia-Donkoh, 2014). Adofo (2013) also stated that student mothers had to look after their sick children; therefore, they could not prepare for examinations and often did not pass them successfully (Adofo, 2013). It is difficult for women to pursue academic careers and family life. Therefore, choosing to become a mother gives the appearance that a woman is unmotivated, less committed, less interested in doing what she must do to get to the next step on the ladder (Williams, as cited in Onoride, 2011). According to Egenti and Omoruyi (2011) the stress or trauma which they have to go through makes them feel psychologically ill-disposed towards the programme. This has led some of their colleagues to drop out of the programme. Some come late for lectures because of their marital demands or even stay away from lectures for a reasonable period as a result of home pressure or demand. All these affect their learning and level of achievement (Egenti and Omoruyi, 2011).

With regards to the above revealed challenges encountered by the student mothers, this study therefore intends to identify the influence of pregnancy and child bearing on the academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers. 

Statement of the Problem

There has been consensus in literature that marriage of girls still in school disrupts, disturbs and distorts the academic performance and well-being of female students. Marriage while still in school poses great threat to the academic achievement and well-being of students coerced into it. Poor attendance to class, limited time to read and study, digressed focus from academics to families’ welfare, withdrawal at times and poor time management. All these challenges have been identified in existing literature as the effects of marriage on the academic achievement and well-being on female students.  Studies have revealed that many young married female students face many problems and leave their education uncompleted due to different social and cultural factors.

There have been studies on academic achievement of married female students in higher institutions challenges and coping strategies of student mothers; relationship between academic achievement and child bearing.

The present study therefore intends to investigate the influence of child bearing on the educational attainment and academic achievement of student mothers in tertiary institutions in Enugu State.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of child-bearing on the academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers in higher institutions in Enugu State.

Specifically study sought to;

  1. Find the factors contributing to early marriage and child-bearing during education,
  2. Find the effects of child-bearing on the academic achievement of the student mothers,
  3. Find the effects of child-bearing on the educational attainment of the student mothers.
  4. Proffer solution to the effects.

Significance of the Study

The result from this study will be beneficial to both Federal and State government, Educators and Educational Planners, nursing and student mothers, families, high institutions.

Federal and State government will be equipped from the result of this study that funds, higher access education, poverty easing programs should be made available for education at all levels as this has been observed to be the cause of early marriage and consequential child bearing of the female student. The result from this study will reveal to educators, educational planners and the general public that girls are in no way inferior to men and should be guided, educated encouraged to continue to aspire higher and climb educational ladder.

The findings of this study will also guide young mothers who wish to further their education to post graduate studies such as M.Sc, Ph.D and so on. They will get well acquainted with the inherent challenges in continuing education in the tertiary institutions and the possible coping strategies they could adopt to face these challenges.

The findings of the study will not only be useful to the family as a unit but to the nation as a whole in its quest for empowering women through education.  The authorities and policy–makers in the Department of Education may use information derived from this study to devise strategies that would bring changes to the traditional perspective that motherhood and educational responsibilities cannot be met at the same time.

It is the wish of all educational institutions to design and deliver programme that meet the needs and aspirations of different categories of beneficiaries. The findings could therefore serve as a guide to tertiary institutions in their quest to improve on their programme. This could occur as the study will serve as a source of information on the challenges confronting the student nursing mothers and the support services the university must provide to make academic work meaningful to them.

The results of this study may also be used by the researchers as a baseline study for future studies in the area. 

Scope of the Study

The study will identified the influence of child-bearingon the academic achievement and educational attainment of the student mothers in tertiary institutions in Enugu State. The topic was chosen in order to investigate how the challenges of child bearing influence the academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers.Enugu State was chosen because it is where the researcher is residing. Enugu State is bounded in the North by Kogi State, South by Abia State, East by Ebonyi State and West by Anambra State. 

Research Questions

The following research questions guided this study;

  1. What are the factors contributing to early marriage and child-bearing during education?
  2. What are the effects of child-bearing on the academic achievement of student mothers in tertiary institutions?
  3. What are the effects of child-bearing on the educational attainment of student mothers in tertiary institutions?
  4. What are the proffered solution to these effects?

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were formulated at 0.05 level of significance. The hypotheses formulated in the study are:

HO1 There is no significance difference between child-bearing and academic achievement of the student mothers.

HO2 There is no significance difference between child-bearing and educational attainment of the student mothers.

 

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Effects of Broken Homes on Academic Performance

Effects of Broken Homes on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Education has been viewed by scholars based on their perception of what education is Castle (2005) sees education as what happened to us from the day we are born to the day we die. Yoloye (2000) defines education as a weapon for combating ignorance, poverty, and disease, as a bridge between confusion and comprehension, as a dam for conserving man’s store of civilization and for generating the power to move to greater civilization, as a means for transporting man from a state of intellectual subservience to a state of intellectual sovereignty.

In a nutshell, education is an all round development of an individual, intellectually, morally, and mentally, so that he will be useful to himself and the society he belongs.

It is assumed that a broken home retard the progress of those children from such background in that both parents are not on a ground to direct and guide the child towards the achievement of educational goals. It is arguable or believed that children form broken homes are more likely prone to poor academic performance. A child may become a victim of broken home as a result of divorce or separation of the parents. When this happens, the child is entrusted to other people that are different form his parents. This person is expected to play the role of a surrogate parents despite his/her commitment to his/her own children. Without any empirical evidence, it is very clear that nobody will treat a child who is entrusted to his care the way he/she will treat his/her own child. By this token, the child is always confused and frustrated under the leadership style of step fathers or step mothers. The frustration of a child knows no bound. At home under surrogate parents he is discriminated and suffers some psychological deprivations. He carries the same emotional frustration to the school. Instead of listening to the teacher and taking down notes, he is more often occupied with the intimidation, discrimination and deprivation he/she is facing at home. As such, he has little or no interest in the learning materials, as classes are ought to be attended and comprehensible in the course of subject taught or presented at school.

Apart from the frustration, discrimination, discouragement and deprivation, the child may also be malnourished and segregated by surrogate parents (i.e mother) who feel that she is wasting the family resources on the child she did not give birth to. The child may lack the necessary school materials and in most cases, may grudgingly allow the child to be attending school while the child may not be given the necessary things that are vital for acquisition of knowledge since he know that he will be punished by the teacher for lack of learning materials, he may result to play truancy.

Single parenthood has been found to adversely affect the learning situation of human being particularly the children. That is to say, children who are reared in homes where parents are separated or divorced are most likely to be faced with sleep disturbance in class while learning and become irritable, fearful, aggressive and withdrawn (Cole and Cole, 2003; Vander-Zanden, 2000). Studies further confirm that children in one parent’s household not only do or perform poorly in school because they tend to lack self-control; but also become disruptive in the classrooms, instead of paying attention to what is being taught in class, they are busy disturbing others ready to learn. In addition, it is also reported that two years immediately after mother’s marriage break up, the mother exercise less control over her children than she did before (Hetherington, Cox and Cos, 2002).

The problems children from broken homes are facing with the resultant failure in school is a serious affair that calls for the attention of all and sundry including the government.

Statement of Problem

In Nigeria, divorce is becoming a common phenomenon. Mallon (2008) noted that it is common to see and hear of divorce cases here and there. In Ekpoma, this is a common trend among those who lives as married couples, to file divorce suite on the other. This is usually associated among the educated elites, this bad trend should be noted by teachers and school heads both public and private at the secondary school levels, as it has bear its ugly toll on the psychological, social and most importantly academics performance of school children, who turns out to miscreants “street boys” Products of the society. The popular Lagos weekend and Lagos life reported at least three to four cases of marital disruption weekly in Lagos and its environment. Also in Kwara State, Ministry of Information Youth, Sports and Social development recorded 53,697 marriages were registered for both the churches and registry from 2001 to 2013. Also given in Edo State the issue of divorce was recorded in child welfare centres.

A total of 97,505 marriages were recorded between 2000 to 2013 and 42,345 out of the total marriages were divorced. Further observation shows the negative effects on our wards. The local government needs to find practical solutions or to minimize the problems.

Ekpoma, Esan West local government area of Edo State shares cultural, religious and language values with her neighboring local government areas namely. Esan South, Esan North, Esan Central Local Government Area. What this implies, is that if divorce is a problem in Ekpoma West local government areas it, is likely to be a problem in those neighboring local government areas.

This study was set up to examine the effects of broken homes on academic performance in secondary schools and to find answers to important questions

Research Questions

The following are research question for the study

  1. What do student in secondary schools in (Esan West local government areas) perceives to be the effects of broken homes?
  2. Does the student perception of the effects of broken homes affect their academic performance?
  3. What is the difference of students from broken homes with those from non-divorced homes?
  4. What is the performance ratio of students from broken home with those from non broken homes?

A good understanding of what students perceive to be the effects of broken home will surely help secondary school teachers approach marital problems with more data facts and understanding.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study is to find out:

  1. The perception of students in Esan West local government areas on the effects of broken homes
  2. How the students’ perception of the effects of broken homes affect their academic performance.
  3. The differences of students from broken homes with those from non-broken homes
  4. The performance ratio of students from broken home with those from non-broken homes

Hypothesis

Based on the finding from this chapter, the following hypothesis will be tested to guide the conduct of the study.

  1. There is no significant difference between the older married couples and the younger married couple.
  2. There is no significant difference between male and female married couple in their perception of effects of broken homes.
  3. There is no significant difference among married home of different villages in their perception of effects of broken homes
  4. There is no significant difference among couples with different years of marital experience in their perception of effects of broken homes

Significance of the Study

The family is the basic unit of the society. Modem communities value the family for the contribution it adds to the social life, especially in the socialization of children and adults on the entire population. Earlier studies on marital instability, such as Olusanya (2009) have shown that educational status has positively associated with marital stability. The standard of educational status as a factor of marital stability needs do be clarified.

Danya (2006), observed that divorce rate is on the increase by the day, that many articles has littered the newspapers stand and other bookselling outfits.

This shows how concerned the public is with respect to divorce issues.

This study will thus provide relevant and valuable information to family members, marriage advisers and counselors on how to obtain appropriate solutions to marital problems. It will assist them to be able to render needed help to couples, parents of those children to adjust better in their respective homes for reconciliation. The student will be made aware of the importance of marital stability and factors that leads to marital instability.

This study is thus, reaching out to this school environment, to the family, unmarried males and females, to those intending couples, so as to be able to discover those social ills that are retarding to the achievements of the aims of education and the academic performance of the learners.

Scope of the Study

The study was limited to some selected secondary school students in Ekpoma, Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. It covers the students in Ujoelen grammar school, Ihumudumu secondary school, Ujemen secondary school, Eguare secondary school and Emaudo Secondary School, all in Esan West local government area of Edo State. This study involves only student from divorced/broken homes in the five secondary schools. This is because they are the ones that have experienced with such and so could respond to the instrument appropriately.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as they are to be used for the purpose of this study.

Marriage: It is the legal relationship between a husband and wife

Marital Instability: Strain and stress in marital relationship, constant quarrelling and fighting. Marital disruption or disharmony between married couples caused by interaction of the spouse.

Learning: A relatively pertinent to permanent change in the behaviour of an individual as a result of learning

Legal Divorce: This is a case where a marriage is totally broken by a court of low or religious order and the two parties (spouse) and free to remarry, if those documents and tendered for rectification.

Broken Home: A home is said to be broken when it lacks stability, fervency, Joy, Zest Excitement that characterized a happy relationship.

Separation: A situation in which a married couple lives apart and operate separately in marriage without being divorced, very often separation leads to divorce.

Married Couples:  These are husband and wife who are legally in a marriage relationship legally contracted under the traditional, religious or court order.

Performance: This is the ability to successfully carry out a given task.

 

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JOB DESIGN AND STAFF TRAINING

EFFECTS OF JOB DESIGN AND STAFF TRAINING ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Poor job design and staff training breed poor employee performance respectively, while the reverse is usually the case when jobs are well (re)designed and staffs are well (re)trained. Job design and staff training effect employee performance in organizations. They work likewise for organizational performance and productivity. The effect, positive or negative, depends on the nature/kind of job design and staff training system operated, developed and applied in organizations. In spite of the invaluable role of  these duo job and human resource management characteristics/models, only about a few institutions, firms, corporations and institutions take them seriously and practice them accordingly in Nigeria, as it has been proven that they are still low, insignificant and less paid attention to. Consequently, many organizations, private and public (the latter more), rarely experience  high or due employee performance, which in turn results to low output, poor organizational productivity and goals realization, low performance, job dissatisfaction, inefficiency and various other staff and job issues. Measures like gender mix, effective managerial/administrative control, staffing and staff appraisal, on/off-the-job trainings and effective/regular training development, training the trainers,  job enrichment and modification, organizational support and justice, job autonomy, among others, are the requisites  for employee performance. The descriptive and analytical survey method along with the qualitative approach, simple percentage and coding was adopted for the study, following its nature and preoccupation. Both primary and secondary sources were employed in sourcing data. The former basically involved questionnaire and interview, while various written library materials constituted the latter sources.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

This chapter constitutes the research proposal of the research entitled: ‘Effects of Job Design and Staff Training on Employee Performance in Nigeria’. It is made up of study background, problem statement, purpose, significance, questions/hypotheses, scope and limitation and definition of terms. Therefore, this chapter forms the foundation and justification of the study.

1.1     Background to the Study

A well-designed job usually fosters employees’ well-being, commitment and performance (Bakker and Demeroutic, 2013; Hackman and Oldman, 1980; Parker and Wall, 1998). It is therefore not surprising that in recent years, researches have begun examining which job characteristics contribute to employee well-being, performance, satisfaction and commitment, and which are likely to increase job stress and the otherwise. Together, the characteristics of a job constitute the job design (Tims and Bakker, 2014). In more specific terms, job design describes how job tasks and roles are structured, enacted and modified and what the impact of these structures, enactments and modifications are on the individual, group and organizational outcomes (Grant and Parker, 2009:5).

According to Tims and Bakker (2014:131), for more than 60 years, job design theories have guided scholars and practitioners to describe, explain and change the work experiences and behaviors as well as employees. Job design is approached as a top-down process in which the organization creates jobs and, in turn, selects people with the right knowledge, skills and abilities for these jobs. When employee’s experience (e.g. job/work engagement) and behaviors (e.g. performance) tend to decrease, the management is bound to redesign the jobs of their employees. For examples, one reason for job redesign may be that management notices that absenteeism among certain employees is relatively high. After talking to the employees, company specialist(s) and Human Relation (HR) professionals may find out that the job is too demanding for the employees and needs to be changed. Another reason for job redesign may be the introduction of say a new machine that (partly) replaces the work of employees. The job of these employees may be redesigned to include another task such as maintaining the machines (Tims and Bakkers, 2014: 131).

The way the job is (re)designed strongly influences how employees perceive their job and, in turn, how they perform their duties (tasks). Managers and researchers became interested in the influence of job design on employees’ behaviors and attitudes when it was gathered that changes in the work environment were accompanied with changes in employees’ attitudes and motivation. For example, over a century ago, the scientific management approaches (Taylor, 1911) and the introduction of the assembly line at Ford in 1914 strongly promoted job simplification. Employees’ jobs change from, for example, building a complete car to assembling only parts of the car, and these job changes had a considerable impact of motivation.

In an era of knowledge economy like ours now, successful workplaces are likely to be those which use and develop the skills of their employees technically through good job design mechanisms that effect employee performance and organizational productivity. There exist various works on job design in general, a few on manufacturing companies, especially those outside Nigeria and seeming nothing significant on both manufacturing companies and others in general in Nigeria, especially in supposed industrialized and commercial areas like Calabar, Uyo, Makurdi, Gboko, Kano, Onitsha, Aba, Ibadan, Port-Harcourt, Warri, Asaba, etc.

Also, the positive effects of staff training in both public and private organizations cannot be over-emphasized. Staff training impacts positively on employees’ performance as well as organizational manpower productivity. It has both individual and organizational development potentials, opportunities, efficiency and propels innovation, on-the-job learning and impact and standard service delivery. Trained staffs get improved and usually perform better. It is a means of job enrichment, job satisfaction and job commitment, which produces desired employee performance (Lunenburg, 2010; Saleem et al., 2012).

In the course of training while on a job, staffs learn new techniques, knowledge, intrigues and modalities with which effective performance arises and thus better output.  Next, social and public/inter-relations between and among staffs abound with various prospects. Training and retraining of staffs of both public and private establishments is imperative, particularly in the Third World nations like Nigeria, where there is high rate of illiteracy, poor knowledge of modern means of living, corruption, poor manpower and technological skills/advancement, among many others. As such, effective staff training and retraining in Nigeria is a dire necessity so as to key into it and realize targeted organizational goals and objectives, betterment, development, innovation and efficiency.

Therefore, the dire need for this study to clarify the myths, tales, perceptions and realities of  job design and employee performance, on one hand, and staff training, on the other, in  Nigeria is imperative, and thus gave rise to this study. Concerned organizations/institutions stand to benefit immensely from this study, if the findings are adopted, taken seriously, implemented and sustained therein. 

1.2     Statement of the Problem

The scourging problems that bedevil many organizations in Nigeria, including low employee and organizational performance cum productivity, inefficiency, poor/lack of technical-know-how, negative workplace politics, etc. are traceable to lack of/low staff training. This is very worrisome. Job design influences employee performance in several ways, positively or negatively, depending on how the job is designed. The job design of both private and public organizations influences their employees’ performance and organizational productivity likewise. Employee’s talents and insight can design productivity, improvement and innovation. Job design can ensure that skills are effectively used as well developed in the workplace.

In spite of the immense benefits, potentials and prospects of jobs design, only a very few organizations/institutions in Nigeria practice or give attention to it, thus making it a wasted resource in the struggle to improve competitiveness and employee well-being. Many workplaces (organizations) are characterized by a waste of employees’ talents. Job design should be considered a high priority issue for managers and policy-makers alike. This also applies to staff training in Nigeria, especially in public organizations/institutions, whereby staffs are mostly poorly trained and retrained all because of workplace politics and being economical to avoid spending on training the staff.

 In sum, the gross negligence, inappropriate, ineffective and misplacement of job and poor staff training by most organizations in Nigeria constitute some academic and managerial worries (problems) that deserve a work of this kind. This study rises to this challenge, with a view to proffering scholarly solutions to these rising inherent problems associated with job design and staff training, which adversely affect employee performance in organizations.

1.3     Purpose of the Study

This study is intended to:

  1. Explore job design and staff training effects on employee performance in Nigeria;
  2. Examine the nature and kind of job design and staff training operated by the concerned institutions in Nigeria;
  3. Examine the extent of staff training in Nigerian public and private institutions;
  4. Trace the problems that arise from poor/lack of staff training and job design in such Nigerian institutions/organizations;
  5. Describe the commonly obtained effects/impacts of job design and staff training in Nigeria;
  6. Scholarly project better efficacious measures of job design and staff training on employee performance.

1.4     Research Questions

The following research questions have been designed to guide this study:

  1. How and at what extent do job design and staff training influence employee performance in organizations?
  2. What are the commonly obtained effects– negative or positive– of job design and staff training on employee performance in Nigeria and to what degree are they applied efficaciously?
  3. What are the job design and staff training related problems in Nigeria?
  4. How best can job design and staff training be evolved, improved and sustained and employee performance likewise in organizations?
  5. To what extent can the emerging trends associated with job design and staff training  as well as employee performance in Nigeria be addressed?

1.5     Research Hypotheses

The following are the research statements of hypothesis, stated in null and alternative forms, whereby Ho represents null form, while Ha represents alternative form:

Ha1: Job design and staff training have no effects on employee performance in Nigeria.

Ho1: Job design and staff training have significant effects on employee performance in organizations/institutions.

Ha2: The kind and nature of job design and staff training operated in Nigeria have little or no effects on employee performance.

Ho2: The nature and kind of job design and staff training operated in Nigerian firms/organizations have so much effect on employee performance.

Ha3: There exists no significant link between job design and staff training and employee performance in companies/organizations in Nigeria.

Ho3: There exists a significant link between job design and staff training and employee performance in companies/organizations in Nigeria.

1.6     Significance of the Study

The need for this study cannot be over-emphasized. To start with, it will bridge the underlying knowledge on these duo work and management phenomena, and thus expose many to the intrinsic of job design and staff training towards effective employee performance in companies/organizations as well as becoming conversant with how best to address workplace problems like low/poor employee performance, job dissatisfaction and others.

Also, this study shall be of immense benefits to those directly concerned, such as law- makers/policy- makers, managers, job experts, entrepreneurs, administrators, business planners, professionals, researchers, educators and students. As such, it shall serve as a blueprint to the management of both private and public organizations/firms in better decision-making regarding job design and staff training and employee performance. The study lacuna shall be filled by other interested scholars/researchers, who would undertake further studies on this subject matter and related ones. It shall thus serve as a research material to such researchers and students. And, through its findings, it shall address unemployment, job issues and staff inefficiency to some extent and as well equip many with the due positive techniques of job design and staff/manpower that adversely affect employee performance.

1.7     Scope of the Study

This research solely centers on the effects of job design and staff training on employee performance in Nigeria. It thus leaves out other closely related aspects and scopes of job design and staff training. It concerns both private and public firms/institutions involving staffing, training and job management. The concerned departments in such firms/institutions are basically Management/Administration, Human Resources, Labor/Manpower Personnel, Establishment, Registry and Information Departments/Units.

1.8     Limitation of the Study

This research would have been broadened more than this in scope but for several challenges that confront a thesis of this kind. The factors include:

  1. Time constraint: Since it is time-framed, rash and rush set in so as to beat the time.
  2. Logistic problems: Poor or insufficient information materials and centers, transportation challenges, and lack of basic amenities like electricity, among others, constrained this study to its structured scope.
  3. Lack of finance: Since the researcher has no source (s) of earning yet, going beyond this scope is more cost-demanding, which could hamper its completion.
  4. Human factors: Poor responses from and the unwillingness of the respondents and the researcher’s human errors and research short-comings formed another limitation to the study. And, other natural factors like psychological state (tiredness, hunger, distractions, etc.), linguistic performance errors and other unforeseen circumstances were likewise.

1.9     Definition of Terms

For clarification as well as easy understanding, our core keywords are explained hereunder:

Effects: Positive or negative outcome, result, impact or influence of something, here, job design and staff training

Job Design: The management modalities systematically evolved, set out and enforced for workplace effective results towards realizing organizational goals

Employee Performance: The output of the manpower commitment at workplace as a show for job satisfaction and organizational support

Staff Training: The practice of engaging staff in different innovative activities and programs that would make them to learn and acquire new professional skills towards better performance

 

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INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL FACILITIES ON STUDENTS

INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL PHYSICAL FACILITIES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1       Background to the Study

Learning has been so much associated with the school that some people almost think that learning goes on only in schools. This view of learning has been greatly reinforced by such reference to schools as institutions of learning and to Universities, Polytechnics and College of Education as institutions of higher learning (Okoye, 1987). There is no doubting the fact that much learning goes on in school. The school is particularly and specifically arranged so as to facilitate effective learning. Unfortunately the poor condition of our schools, particularly the primary schools today in the nation raises a lot of anxiety. A cursory look at these school in spite of government efforts reveals schools dominated by dilapidated buildings, school void of good furniture and equipment, schools where instructional materials are either not provided or are inadequate; school that are under-staffed; schools, where teachers’ salaries and allowances are not promptly paid, schools that have not been inspected for the last 15 years; schools where there are no discipline among other things. The government, and especially the parents are very much concerned with the quality and volume of learning acquired by their children, wards and citizens as this is related to the quality and quantity of the contribution which the individual can make to his immediate family, community and the nation as a whole. (Thorndike, 1931). Several studies by Sociologist, Psychologists and Educationists showed that the type of schools a learner attends has profound influence on his academic achievement. For instance, Bibby and Peil (1974) noted that children who attended private primary schools performed better than pupils in public schools. This view is also supported by Lioyd (1966) as he contended further that the public schools which saw education as good thing, tended to leave the question of educational success or failure in the hands of the public and their parents. This implies that the business of education is not taken with all the seriousness it demands in the public schools. This of course is what may be regarded as the general apathy of the citizenry to government’s owned business or property. A situation that has resulted in lackadaisical attitude of government’s workers, including teachers in the public schools tend to believe that an intelligent child would succeed automatically at school without any active assistance coming from them.

A study jointly carried out by the Federal Government of Nigeria, UNICEF and UNESCO in 1977 to monitor the learning achievement of primary school pupils throughout the Federation, it was shown that most of the private schools had means in the three areas tested higher than the national means and that of their public counterpart. Similarly, Yoloye (1998) while assessing the situation of education in Osun State, compared the quality of education in five states of the federation namely, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo. He compared performance between urban and rural schools; private and public schools, as well as between male and female primary school pupils. He concluded that while Osun State comes last in almost all the sub-sector analyzed, the only cheering exception is in the private schools where it performed better than other states and indeed exceeded the grand mean. He did not give reasons for low or high achievement.

Fafunwa (1981) however, observed that access to qualitative instruction, thorough supervision in schools, relevant instructional materials, standard school buildings, less-crowded classrooms, conducive school environment are some of the major school variables influencing pupils, academic attainment. He concluded that in areas where private schools are well established, drop-out rates would be drastically reduced and pupils academic performance enhanced. This he said may be due to availability of resources and more importantly to the fact that teachers are positively motivated. In a study carried out in the U.S. by Lubienski and Lubienski (2006), they compared academic achievement among charter, private and public schools. One of the major findings from this study showed that private schools scored higher than charter and public schools. In a related study carried out also in the U.S. by Braun, Jenkins and Grigg (2006), they compared the performance of pupils in private and public schools in both reading and mathematics involving grades 4 and 8, results showed that the private schools performed better than the public schools not only in reading and mathematics, but also in the two grades (4th & 8th) involved in the study. Overall, findings indicated that the average private school mean score was higher than the average public school mean score, and that the difference was statistically significant. However, in the study comparing students’ academic performance in business studies in public and private Junior Secondary School Certificate Examinations (JSSCE) in Ovia South West Local Government Council Area of Edo State, Nigeria, conducted by Igbinedion and Epumepu (2011), it was revealed that there was significant difference in the academic performance in business studies between the public and private schools from 2008 to 2011. Results further showed that the percentage performance trend of public schools were higher than those of the private both males and females. Consequent upon the discussion above, more parents and guardians who can afford it are daily withdrawing their children and wards from the public schools to the private fee-paying primary schools despite its expensive nature even in this hard time. Many of the private schools are growing bigger and fatter at the expense of the public ones whose enrolment is daily dwindling. It is in this context that this study is set out to compare pupils’ academic performance between the private and public schools in Akure East and West Local Government Council Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria.

The study therefore sought to find out if there is any difference in pupils’ academic attainment between private and public secondary schools in the two local government council areas involved in the study. It also highlighted the causes of such differences in academic achievement between the private and public schools and suggested measures to rectify the differences so discovered.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

However, there has been tremendous development in the educational sector of the state. New public and private schools have been established to meet the educational demand of its citizenry (1st Ondo State Education Summit, 2004). The researcher observed that there is unimpressive performance of students in secondary school, the researcher therefore embarked on this study to find out whether there is actually any performance difference in academic performance of students.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The objective of the study to find out weather significant difference exist between academic performance of public and Private Schools. 

  1. What is the level of performance in public secondary school?
  2. What is the level of performance in private secondary school?

1.4       Research Hypothesis

The following hypothesis was formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significant:

Ho1: There will be no statistically significant difference in the academic performance of students between private and public secondary schools in Ondo State.

Ho 2: There will be no significant difference in the academic performance of private and public secondary school in rural area in Ondo State.

Ho 3: There will be no significance difference in the academic performance of male and female students in public secondary schools.

Ho 4: There will be no significance difference in the academic performance of male and female students in private secondary schools.

1.5       Significance of the Study

It is hoped that this study will provide information for parents, educators and school administrators to reflect upon various factors that help students in achieving their academic goals. In so doing, they can investigate the possibility of introducing those factors to their school, which may consequently lead to enhancing students’ educational outcomes in school This study will also be significant because the findings will stimulate parents, school managers, teachers, students and the society’s awareness on the importance of conducive learning environment the findings of the study will also assist school administrators and curriculum planners to develop strategies that would reduce negative effects of poor learning environment on academic achievement of students in primary schools.

The findings of this study shall also be useful to school proprietors, government school administrators and parents in understanding the influence of school environment on academic achievement of students in primary schools. This study will also be of importance to students themselves as it will be made known to them the effects of school environment on their academic achievement. Finally, the findings of the study will act as a reference point to other interested scholars interested in this area of research.

 

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THE EFFECT OF IMPROVING THE PROVISIONS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

THE EFFECT OF IMPROVING THE PROVISIONS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SS1 STUDENTS OF FILKOM SCHOOL 

ABSTRACT

This research assesses the effect of guidance and counseling on the academic performance of SS1 students in Filkom School, Kaduna. The population of the study was made up of forty students in the study area. Four research questions were formulated to guide the study. Forty questionnaires were distributed to the students to fill and each questionnaire contains twenty items which they later returned after filling it.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.0    General Introduction

Guidance and Counseling as the third force in education along with instruction, is an integral part of educational system. Guidance is a program of services to individual students based on the needs of each student, and understanding of his immediate environment, teachers, peers, parents and people generally and the effect of their influences on the students.

Counseling is a process in which one person assists another in a person to person face encounter. Counseling provides an atmosphere within which one person or group of persons are provided with counseling services.  Counseling is concerned with creating opportunities and suitable environment for personal, social, educational and vocational growth of the individual. The central purpose of counseling is to assist students to explore and participate in their own development towards becoming purposefully self directed.

1.1    Background to the Study

A guidance counselor is therefore a professionally trained person in the act of guidance and counseling that provides help to individual student based on the need of each student. Guidance and counseling assists all students in assessing and understanding their abilities, aptitudes, interests and educational needs. Guidance and counseling is a formalized educational service aimed at helping the individual with understanding himself well enough to be able to make appropriate decisions. These decisions may include educational or vocational choice and solutions to personal and social problems. Guidance and counseling can be regarded as a service to education which aims at helping students understand themselves in relation to their potentialities, aptitudes, talents, educational or vocational decision making.

Educational guidance involves helping students to decide what course or subject they take and what co-curricular activities best fit his needs.

The School guidance and counseling is aimed at providing students with opportunities to acquire skills and attitudes necessary to develop educational goals which are suitable to their needs, interests, and abilities, information that would enable them to make decision about life and career opportunities. This complements learning in the classroom and also to enhance academic performance or achievement of students.

Therefore, this project focuses on the realities of the effect of guidance and counseling on the academic performance of SS1 students, the feeling, thinking and the factors affecting the ability of the student to choose their career. Guidance and counseling is a vital component of any level of education as the absence or the non-utilization of these services in the present day SS1 students had led to the wrong choice of career and wrong subject combination among other issues.

The stage in SS1 class is a very crucial stage in which the students need to be properly guided and counseled in the importance of choosing a career or subject combination. The major problem of the student is that of choosing a career that will be of benefit to him. As a result, he need to be properly directed, guided and counseled to choose the right career and subject’s combination which will enable them to achieve what they anticipate to be in future. On the other hand, if not properly guided they will not be able to make a good choice of career.

Generally, guidance and counseling is the process of helping individuals understand themselves and lead to a better understanding of the other aspect of their lives. Therefore, it should be done by a professional counselor. This type of skills used in counseling students is important for effective counseling to take place.

Since there are varieties of careers or disciplines, it will be helpful to know their future ambitions and goals as the counseling is aimed at creating a brighter tomorrow in the life of the SS1students.

Hence, counseling is enhanced when the students are in group or even individually. It is paramount that before a pupil gets into secondary school, he should be properly guided and counseled. The guidance and counseling which should be given to SS1 students should be done by a professional career counselor.

When students are properly counseled, they will be able to:

  1. Choose the right subject combination.
  2. Establish habits and develop attitudes towards positive contribution in the field.
  3. Put more efforts and carry some problem-based loads and cognitive loads in the field.

The questions which should be addressed as the counseling program is established are:

  1. Area of interest of the individual.
  2. The age of the SS1 students.
  3. Health condition of the students.
  4. Students/Parents financial strength.
  5. The cognitive, affective and psycho-motive ability.

The counselor should provide a proper balance between counseling, guidance, and follow-up. In striking this balance, the counselor would find these factors important. Some of these factors include:

  1. Student’s ambition.
  2. Academic performance.
  3. Ability to manipulate things.
  4. Cognitive strength
  5. Student’s area of interest.

It is the wish of the researcher to let the parents know that it is not the best thing for them to choose career for their children and wards. The SS1 students should be given room to make choice of career.

1.2    Statement of the Problem

Guidance and counseling program of SS1 students on career choice and subject combination is assumed to be neglected in majority of schools.  It has been noted that students face a number of problems during adolescent stage and the secondary school students happen to belong to the adolescent group, therefore,  the need for effective school Guidance and counseling service becomes compelling; thus there is need for effective school counseling of students to achieve excellence in academic performance.

The menace of vices, poor academic output and performance at work in the society has been a source of concern to all stakeholders in education that is, the government, teachers, parents and society at large.

The society cannot exist without making mention of the school which is the major agent of change.  In addition, the view of the school as a context where students experience a number of problems as well as the increased number of problems they face in the modern society, have prompted the researcher to investigate the effectiveness of the school guidance and counseling services in  the SS1 class  in relation to their academic achievement.

The counseling offered to the SS1 students should be understood as a counseling given to someone who doesn’t have direction and knows not how to go ahead.

It is based on the above premise that the study to examine the notable impact on the effect of the school counselor on the academic performance of SS1 students in Filkom Schools.

1.3    Significance of the Study

This study is mainly set out to examine the effects of Guidance and counseling on the academic performances of SS1 students of Filkom Schools in Kaduna.

The study intend to

  1. Determine the effects of Guidance and counseling on the students’ academic performance.
  2. Identify Guidance and counseling services available to the SS1 students in Filkom Schools.
  3. Determine the adequacy of human and material resources for effective counseling in Filkom Schools.
  4. Identify the problems faced by Guidance counselors in the provision of effective Guidance and counseling services in Filkom Schools. 

1.4    Purpose of the Study

This study is meant to be an expository on the role of Guidance and counseling on SS1 students’ performance and it is envisaged that the study will benefit school counselors, students and researchers.

School counselors will have set criteria to evaluate their guidance services. Furthermore, they will also have the information needed to make a number of decisions related to what guidance and counseling services to students to be provided, how these services are to be provided and when to provide them. Such information will make the school counselors more effective in the execution of their duties, thereby maximally benefiting the students and also improve the service delivery of the schools.

SS1 students will benefit from the increased awareness of the available guidance and counseling service in the school they will have information needed to weigh the value of guidance and counseling services the school offers them. Students will also be allowed to suggest improvements in the guidance and counseling services and how they are implemented. This study will add to the limited literature in Nigeria on the effectiveness of school guidance and counseling services on the academic performance of students.

1.5     Scope of the Study

This project work will attempt looking into the areas which SS1 students will be guided and counseled. It is limited to the choice of career and the effect on academic performance. It will also assess the adequacy of human and material resources for effective provision of guidance and counseling to students and as well examine the problems faced by guidance and counseling in the provision guidance services to students in Filkom Schools.

1.6     Limitation of the Study

The following limitation were inherent in the study. First, the respondent sincerity of purpose were not sure since what was conceived in the mind were hidden.

Secondly, due to time constraints, the ability to reach out to many secondary schools for the collection of data was hindered, and the area which the study was conducted at that time was congested.

 

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THE IMPACT OF PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

THE IMPACT OF PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background to the Study

In any organization, whether manufacturing or service industry, profit or non-profit oriented, the main purpose of its establishment is to achieve certain goals and objectives of the organization. Most companies today in Nigeria and the world at large operate in an increasing complex and unstable environment. Nigerian Breweries is one of the multinational companies that are involved in the brewing of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. These brewery companies are spread all over the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. These breweries include: Champion Breweries Uyo, Akwa-Ibom state; Golden Guinea Breweries Umuaya Abia state; Guinness Nigeria Plc. Ikeja Lagos state; International Breweries Jos, Plateau State; Nigerian Breweries Plc. Iganmu, Lagos state; Premier Breweries Plc. Onitsha Anambra state; 7UP Bottling Company Plc., Ijora Lagos state. The Nigerian Breweries under this study is the Kakuri branch in Kaduna state.

Competition among these breweries has called for intense application of promotional tools that will appeal to customer for sustainable patronage by each of these breweries. Nigerian Breweries Plc. however, seems to be dominating the market with its numerous products in the past.

Challenges are facing companies to seek the best management and promotional strategies, to grow the company’s performance and increase shareholders value. Excellent companies are known not only by well-conceived promotional outlining where, when and how the companies will compete but also by their ability to execute the promotional decision option selected (Chris Fill, 2006). Appropriate and effective executed promotional strategy are required to productively guide the deployment of available resources where the company promotional abilities in pursue of desired goals and objectives (Michael P., 2002; Chris F., 2006; Rafael, 2014; Ayuba, 2005; Frances & Stephen, 2006; Michael R. Solomon, 1997). The customers are now better educated and the global whole of business today is a very complex one. In order to satisfy the changing need of customers, companies must first know their needs and that is where promotional strategy begins. For a company to survive in today’s competitive market, it has to strategize in satisfying customer’s needs more effectively and efficiently through promotional strategies.

However, promotional strategy is a marketing concept that has to do with the choice of a target market and formulation of the most appropriate promotional mix to influence and persuade the customer’s consumption pattern in order to improve the organizational performance and increase shareholder’s interest (Nzelibe, Moruku and Joseph, 2011).

Promotional strategy is aiming at the target heads of the household as they had the final say on where the disposable income will be spent. Marketing department is also saddled with the responsibility to determine the best promotional strategy to be employed in a given customer demographic environment.

Over the years, some notable authors such as Ayuba (2005), Chris Fill (2006), Akpan (2010) have regarded the promotional mix (advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relation and direct marketing) as having such roles as stimulating demand, boosting sales in a particular geographical area, improving profit, increasing market shares, countering competitor’s strategies and retaining customer loyalties and patronage in the organization. It is in line with this that the study was carried out on the impact of promotional strategies (advertising, personal selling and sales promoting) on organizational performance (profit, sales volume, market share and customer loyalty) of Nigerian Breweries.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

There has been a lingering problem in Nigerian Breweries Plc Kaduna regarding the right blend of promotional strategies to be used, at what time, at what place, and to whom?,  to inform and persuade consumers about its products. This problem has resulted to decrease in profit level, sales volume, market share, customer loyalty and profit level (Nigerian Breweries Annual Financial Report, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013 & 2015).

Apparently, there has been continuing researches in both the developed and developing countries with respect to the impact of promotional strategies that will inform, persuade, rebuild and restore confidence in customer’s buying pattern (Akpan B.A., 2010; Michael P., 2002; Chris F., 2006; Rafael, 2014; Ayuba, 2005; Frances & Stephen, 2006; Michael R. Solomon, 1997).

We want to investigate how the promotional strategies of advertising, personal selling and sales promotion can persuade customers to patronize the Nigerian Breweries products in order to improve the company sales volume, market share, customer loyalty and eventually profit.

1.3       Research Questions

Based on the above stated research problem, the following research questions have been formulated to guide the investigation:

  1. To what extent can advertising improve the performance of Nigerian Breweries Plc. in terms of profit?
  2. To what degree can personal selling promotes sales volume of Nigerian Breweries Plc.?
  3. How can sales promotion improve market share?
  4. To what extent do promotional strategies enhance customer’s loyalty?

1.4       Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of promotional strategies on organizational performance of Nigerian Breweries Plc., Kaduna State as a focus. The specific objectives are to:

  1. Examine the extent to which advertising can improve the Nigerian Breweries Plc. profit level.
  2. Determine the degree to which personal selling improves sales volume of Nigerian Breweries Plc.
  3. Investigate the extent to which sales promotion improves market share.
  4. Evaluate the extent to which promotional strategies enhance customer loyalty.

1.5       Statement of Hypotheses

Based on the proposed research problem, research question and the research objectives above, the following null and alternate hypotheses have been postulated:

H01: Advertising does not significantly improve Nigerian Breweries Plc.’s profit level.

H02: Personal selling does not significantly improve the sales volume of Nigerian Breweries Plc.

H03: Sales promotion does not significantly improve the market share of Nigerian Breweries Plc.

H04: Promotional strategies do not enhance customers’ loyalty.

1.6       Significance of the Study

This study is embarked on to determine the impact of promotional strategies on the performance of Nigerian Breweries Plc. Kaduna. It establishes the significant relationship that exist between promotional strategies and Nigerian Breweries performance with the understanding of strategies that best fit Nigeria Breweries manufacturing company for effective performance. This study contributed significantly to the application of three independent variable; advertising, personal selling and sales promotion for organizational performance of sales volume, market share, customer loyalty and profit. However, the study will be of significant value to the following:

Nigerian Breweries Plc. stands to gain or to know the right blend of promotional strategies (advertising, personal selling and sales promotion) that should be used at what time, on the right stage of Product Life Cycle (PLC), to who and the feedback about their product in order to remain relevant in the field of business. If not, competitors will write them off. Also, a research of this nature is not only going to be relevant, but also very significant, especially at the time when every effort is made to increase profit, sales volume, increase in market share of the organization, in other words Nigerian Breweries Kaduna branch stands to gain immensely from the findings and recommendations of this research.

Marketing Managers/Students of Marketing: It enables the marketing managers to understand in-depth of the strategic importance of promotional strategies (advertising, personal selling and sales promotion) to the organization and the need to systematically and strategically plan their promotional strategies campaign program in the light of the limited resources available.

Companies: It also helps companies in building up a sound promotional mix element in order to retain or capture potential or existing customers that will enable them remain relevant in business.

Potential/Existing Customers: Promotional strategy is able to make potential/existing customers aware of their products and services which normally lead to a more effective market, as consumers have more information available to them. Knowledge of a product or services increases consumer choice, leading to stable prices and improve profits, sales volume, market share and so on.

Business Administration: Promotional strategy creates awareness of the laws, responsibilities and consumer service needed to excel e.g. Employee communication, Enrollment and Changes. Reconciliation of provides Billing, Maintenance of employee benefits data also the ethical issues on the promotional mix elements.

Financial Analyst: Promotional strategy help financial analyst to formalize, usually in written form of the marketing plan. The essence of the process is that it moves from the general to the specific, from the vision to the mission, to the goals and to the corporate objectives of the organization, then down to the individual action plan for each part of the marketing program.

General Public: It creates more employment opportunities to the public in various job directly or indirectly e.g. advertisers, sales promotion force, marketers etc. thereby reducing crime in the society. It initiates a process of creating more wants and satisfying consumer on their need and improve higher standard of living.

Government Agencies (FIRS): The government will benefit in terms of taxes to be paid as part of internal fund raising by the government and thereby reducing crime from the society.

1.7    Scope of the Study

This study is restricted to Nigerian Breweries Kaduna. The company was selected because of the representation of companies and consideration of customers within the area coupled with its proximity to the researcher for collection of data for the study. This study covered three elements of promotional strategies namely; advertising, personal selling and sales promotion and four organizational performances namely; profit, sales volume, market share and customer loyalty. The organization under this study is Nigerian Breweries Plc. Kaduna branch. The study used correlation and regression analysis and Likert scale measurement as a tool for data analysis.

The study also covered fifteen (15) marketing years or financial statements 2001 to 2015 owing to the fact that a lot of reforms and Breweries companies have taken place within the period and also to understand the most recent trend in respect to promotional strategy as practiced by Nigerian Breweries in relation to organizational performance. The target respondents are management staff, mostly top management of marketing department, production department, human resources department and customers of the Nigerian Breweries within the area of the study. The study considered the most patronized products of the Nigerian Breweries: such as Goldberg, Gulder, Maltina, Betalmalt, Gold Malt, Maltex, Fayrous, Dubic Malt, Heineken and others (Nigerian Breweries/Customer’s Forum, 2016).

The reason for the study of Nigerian Breweries is that Nigerian Breweries in the Northern part of Nigeria (Kaduna branch), is experiencing decrease in profit, decrease in sales volume, decrease in market share, decrease in customer loyalty in recent time unlike Nigerian Breweries in the Southern part of Nigeria (Lagos). Due to the tradition of the Northerner ,culture and religion play a vital key in their lifestyle because an average Northerner do not consume alcoholic drinks also the complexity of the environment, high concentration  soft drink industry in the area of the study can go a  long way affecting Nigerian Breweries performance. The numerous numbers of product produced by Nigerian Breweries can attract researchers on the management of such products with competitors in the market. The study considered the impact of promotional strategies (that is, advertising, personal selling and sales promotion) on the performance indicators (profitability, sales volume, market share and customer loyalty).

1.8       Limitations of the Study

  1. The unwilling nature of some respondents to timely respond to the questionnaire given to them resulted into uncountable number of repeated visits to the factory. This can be very frustrating. Though some gave reasons for such delays as; lack of time due to their tight official schedules.
  2. The cost and risk associated with transportation and other logistics involved in photocopying, typing among others.
  3. The bureaucratic nature encountered in the course of data collection. This resulted in delay in making data available.

1.9       Definition of Operational Terms

Advertising: is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services through mass media such as newspaper, magazine, television or radio by an identified sponsor.

Communication: is the process of establishing a commonness or oneness of thought between a sender and a receiver.

Four P’s of Marketing: these are marketing strategies that are independent variables that determine organizational performances.

Integrated Marketing Communication: is a process of which involve the management and organization of all agents in the analysis, planning and implementation and control of all marketing communication contacts, media, messages and promotional tools focused at selected target audiences in such a way as to derive the greatest economy, efficiency, effectiveness and coherence marketing communication effort in achieving predetermined product ad corporate marketing communication objectives.

Marketing Communication: is a management process through which an organization engages with its audiences.

Marketing Communication Mix: can also be seen as promotional mix.

Market Share: is the percentage of an industry or market’s total sales that is earned by a particular company over a specified time period.

Organizational Performance: refers to organizational developmental indices; which include: organizational profit, sale volume, market share, customer loyalty or increase in customers, increase in earning per-share, increase in organizational size etc. 

Personal Selling: is a two-way communication tool between a representative of an organization and an individual or group, with the intention to inform, persuade or remind them, or sometimes serve them to take appropriate actions.

Profit: is a financial gain especially the difference between the amounts earned and amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

Promotional Mix: is the combination of the promotional elements such as advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relation and direct marketing.

Promotional Strategy: is the use or application of various marketing communication mix that attempts to introduce, build, persuade, inform, and encourage customers of the product or services that is available, which tend to focus on where to get it, how to get it, to whom to get it, its advantages in such a way that it enhances customer benefits and improves organizational performance.

Pull Factor: is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product.

Push Factor: is the use of a company’s sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product.

Sales Promotion: seeks to offer buyers additional value as an inducement to generate an immediate sale.

Sales Volume: the quantity or number of product sold or services provided by a company in a particular period of time.

 

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