IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION ON DISABLED STUDENTS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to critically examine the Impact of Entrepreneurial Education on Disabled Students in Enugu Metropolis. The study adopted a descriptive survey design in which four research questions were posed. The population of the study consisted of 9,583 disabled persons in Enugu North and Enugu East local governments of Enugu State. Simple random sampling procedure was used in selecting three (3) special education centres to represent other six (6) special education centres in Enugu Metropolis that was sampled in the study. Fourteen (14) teachers and one hundred and twenty (120) students were equally selected randomly from each of the three-special education centres making a total number of 402 respondents. A questionnaire of four-point rating scale was used as instrument for data collection. Mean statistics was used to analyze data relative to research questions with a cut-off mean score of 2.5 and percentages were used, 50% and above indicates acceptance and below represents rejected. That formed the standard for accepting or rejecting any item on the questionnaires. The result of the analyses reveals that they (disabled) face challenges when starting a business/ venture and this hinders them from becoming effective in the labour market. Challenges such as access to start-up capital, consumer discrimination which is the highest of them all, lack of confidence/ limited aspirations, training is not always tailored to individual needs and therefore of limited value to particular recipients. However already existing policy tools are not effective and efficient as the case maybe. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that the stakeholders, government and other related/concerned bodies should encourage the special needs students by providing the necessary assistive technologies. Parent/guardians of special needs students should encourage these ones and make them feel wanted in the society instead of segregating them.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Worldwide, the prevalence of disability is argued to be growing, with population ageing and increasing incidence of chronic health conditions (World Health Organisation/World Bank 2011). Disability affects a wide range of socio-economic outcomes, including labour market participation, but also other factors that shape participation including education, information and transport.
The WHO (2013) (World Health Organisation) describes disability as an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. The impairment being a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation being a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing task or action; while a participation restriction is termed a problem experienced by an individual’s involvement in life situations. Disability is thus not just a health problem, but a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he/she lives. Impairment can occur from/ at birth or any time over the course of an individual’s life, either permanently or temporarily.
As pertains to its causes, explanations abound from the mystical to the empirically researched complex happenings that only genetics can provide as is the case in Systemic Lupus Erythematosis. Mugo (2010) states that traditional and spiritual beliefs play an important role in framing up comprehensions of disability in Africa. Many communities attribute disability to witchcraft, curses or conditions afflicted by bad omen and spirits with the resulting effect being that of fear and pity towards the PWD (Persons living with Disability)leading to their isolation/discrimination.
In actual schooled sense, the causes of disability are as numerous as they are indiscriminate; encompassing everyday happen-stances like road accidents, diseases as trachoma, war injuries, and work place injuries amongst others. This being the case, it should come as a sobering realization that we are all potential candidate or already might be albeit without symptom as is the case with genetically acquired degenerative diseases. With this in mind, it should bear more on our expertise, for us in academia to pay more attention to matters of disability.
The convention on the Rights of Persons Living with Disability, an initiative of the United Nations, as quoted in the WHO website, states that around 10% of the World’s population or roughly 650 million persons live with known disability. This undisputedly constitutes the world’s largest and most widespread minority and with continued trends of rapid population growth and advances in modern medicine, posits the WHO, these figures can only rise.
The first ever world report on disability (2000) co-authored by the World Bank group and WHO holds that PWD (Persons living with Disability) generally face higher rates of poverty and are afforded fewer economic opportunities compared to persons without disability. The figures are that 20% of the world‘s poorest are disabled and living in the developing countries. This sad state of affairs can find part explanation in the ostracization of PWD from mainstream social-economic life by society.
Disabled people tend to be concentrated in lower-skilled, lower-paid occupations (Meager and Higgins 2011). Low participation rates are costly for the individuals concerned in terms of economic and psychological well-being, for governments in terms of lost output and tax revenues, and increased welfare payments, and for the society in terms of the impact of social exclusion and discrimination on civic participation and public life.
However, one possible solution to problems of low participation rates lies in the potential for disabled people to become self employed or to start and run their own businesses. The relevance of entrepreneurship education to humanity and economic growth cannot be overemphasized considering its developmental incentives in the well being of an individual and promotion of economic activities. Entrepreneurship education could take the form of technical education, business education, computer application, fine and applied arts among others.
Entrepreneurship is not just skill acquisition for acquisition sake; it is an acquisition of skills and ideas for the sake of creating employment for one’s self and also others (Garba 2010). Therefore the need for entrepreneurial education to be incorporated into special needs education curriculum for this category of persons becomes a salient issue. This is because entrepreneurship education will help unlock their potentials and pave way for their financial independence and sustainability in the face of the large scale unemployment in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Education in Nigeria is devoid of the element crucial to averting the surging rate of unemployment with persons with impairment/ disability in the country, therefore the breeding of psychological dependence on direct access to money.
However despite the efforts by tertiary institutions in teaching various skills and trades, coupled with learning aimed at imparting knowledge and understanding of the potential rewards for business establishment, unemployment abounds among the young: Hungra et al (2011). Brijlal (2011) asserts that only a small percentage of graduates became entrepreneurs after college.
In a bid to explain this phenomenon of poor transition rates into enterprise by graduates, numerous studies have been undertaken all over the world, with many focusing on entrepreneurial intention studies as a possible avenue for explanation of this lack of entrepreneurial behavior. This focus has been so popular with researchers as intentions are said to be the best predictors of planned behavior.
As evidence in literature, the emphasis has been on studying entrepreneurial intent in ̒ ̒normal able-bodied persons. A clear-cut case of marginalization in academic research and knowledge against PWD in the society. This research seek to address the impact of entrepreneurial education on disabled students.
1.3 Purpose of Study
Overall, the purpose of this study is to help address a broad research question for which entrepreneurship education assessment literature has so far provided only tentative insight; whether and to what extent entrepreneurship training programs and studies help to create additional or more successful entrepreneurs. This includes:
To examine the level of self employment activities among people with disabilities.
To assess the challenges the disabled people face when starting a business/venture.
To determine the extent to which policy support/tools on disabled are available to help them become more entrepreneurial.
To ascertain the extent to which disabled students/persons benefits from entrepreneurial education.
1.4 Scope of Study
The study assessed the impact of entrepreneurial education on disabled students. The assessment was done by; the challenges faced by disabled students when starting a business, examining the level of self employment activities of people with disability, the extent to which policy tools on disabled are available and the benefits of entrepreneurial education to the disabled using Enugu metropolis as a case study.
1.5 Significance of the Study
In the introduction of Adam Smith’s world renowned book on economics, titled ‘The Wealth Of Nations’, by Alan Krueger (2003) , it is stated that the propensity to truck, barter and exchange one thing for another is common to all men, and is to be found in no other race of animals, from communistic societies to prisoner-of-war camps. Constraints can be imposed on a market, or even for the sake and purpose of this paper, disability can occur or be the case! But the rise of the market seems virtually unavoidable.
PWD in society have been marginalized long enough more so in academic research on matters of entrepreneurship. The subject of entrepreneurial intent has been researched on high and low, but empirically sound research on the same focusing on the disabled population is extremely hard to come by in literature.
Significantly, the findings of this study will aid shape the direction taken by governmental policy makers on coming up with curriculums and strategies in special needs schools which better address the entrepreneurial needs of PWD and better inform the economic empowerment programmers geared towards their emancipation by the state after college.
The research findings will also serve the parents or guardians of these students especially in guidance of career choice. Thus equipping them with foresight on how to prepare to be of best moral and material support to the soon to be granduands.
The findings will encourage teachers and students to develop skills and competencies in technologies for teaching and learning of entrepreneurship in schools. From the findings, it will further help teachers enhance their teaching skills and strategies. The teachers will use the results collected from the study to reform the content and method of teaching. The results of the study will also be of great importance to disabled students, it will improve their academic performances, job readiness, enhance their social psychological development (self-esteem, ego development, self-efficacy); and perceived improved health status etc.
Finally non state actors who are a crucial social economic development agents will benefit greatly from the findings of this study. Based on the same these actors can better formulate programmes and strategies on how to economically empower the students after college.
1.6 Research Questions
What is the level of self-employment activities among people with disabilities?
What barriers do people with disabilities face when starting a business/ venture?
What are the policy tools/ support available to help those with disabilities become more entrepreneurial?
What are the benefits of entrepreneurship for people with disabilities?
INFLUENCE OF CHILD-BEARING ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF STUDENT MOTHERS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find the influence of early marriage and childbearing on academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers in tertiary institutions in Enugu State. Three tertiary institutions in Enugu State were used for the study. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The total population of the study was 450 and the sample size of 150 student mothers was drawn from the population using simple random sampling technique. A 33-structured questionnaire was used to collect data while statistical mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis. Hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 significance level. The findings of this study revealed that early marriage, childbearing and other domestic challenges has no influence on both academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers. The study also showed that there is no significant difference between childbearing and academic achievement as well as educational attainment of the student mothers. Based on the findings the researcher recommended that coping strategies should be adopted by the student mothers.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Education is believed to provide knowledge and resources that hold potentials for economic empowerment, for better livelihood and social development. Jekayinfa (2009) postulated that the educational system of any society is an elaborate social mechanism designed to bring about in the persons certain skills and attitudes that are adjudged to be useful and desirable in the society. As a result of the necessity for education, there has been the view that one who ceases to learn ceases to exist although the one may be living. Education is not only seen as a human right, but it is also viewed as an instrument to fight poverty and universal apparatus to promote economic advancement for developing countries. Amartya Sen takes this one stride further, claiming that education leads to development, which in turn leads to an increase in freedom (Sen, as cited in Adu-Gyamfi, 2014). For this reason, there are thus several motives to encourage and promote universal education.
All over the world, people hold the view that education is the cardinal channel to accomplish sustainable transformation and development. Education contributes to the progress of analytical mind and reasoning power in the personality which assists him or her to build up a sense of confidence, self-esteem and self-respect. In coming years, a nation that does not educate its children (especially female) will be undermined in terms of the economic productivity and social welfare of its people”. Female education has noteworthy implications for maternal and child welfare development. Education is an ongoing effort towards further development of the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce persons who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, and physically balanced. Such an effort is designed to produce citizens who are knowledgeable and skilled, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of attaining a high level of personal wellbeing and be able to contribute to the advancement of the society and the country at large.
Education provides the platform for the acquisition of knowledge, skills, habits and values for productive living in the society. As a result of this, education equips individuals with the personal capabilities for survival in and contribution to the societal development. Globally, socio-economic and political developments are increasingly being driven by the advancement and application of knowledge (education). Education attainment is long-term, it is more about reaching your academic goals and one’s ambition of getting higher degrees and qualifications while Academic performance is short-term and involves more of the statistics of what one did for instance in GPA grades. To this end, higher institutions of learning are established to give students sound and qualitative education so that they can become more productive, self-fulfilling and attain self-actualization. This is why the Federal Government of Nigeria (2004) in the National Policy on Education highlights the aims of higher education as:
the acquisition, development and inculcation of the proper value-orientation for the survival of the individual and society;
the development of the intellectual capacities of individuals to understand and appreciate their environments;
the acquisition of both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to develop into careful members of the community; and
the acquisition of an objective view of the local and external environment.
Higher institutions in Nigeria are expected to achieve the above aims through teaching, research, and dissemination of existing information and the pursuit of service to the community and by being a store house of knowledge. However, study by (Aluede and Aluede, inOnoride, 2011) have shown that many higher institutions in Nigeria are finding it increasingly difficult to achieve the highlighted aims because of many crises that have rocked the institutions. Such crises, in recent times, have come to be recognized as one of the most visible perennial problems of significance when compared with other social vices like cultism, examination malpractices, drug abuse and so on leading to indefinite closure of schools and other attendant problems (Aluede, Jimoh, Agwinede and Omoregie, in Onoride, 2011). Magagula (2007) argued that the basic functions of higher institutions are to teach students and impart knowledge; to develop critical and analytical skills; to inculcate appropriate values, norms and attitudes; to create and extend the existing knowledge with a view to establish facts and truths through critical reflection and objective thinking; and improve the quality of life of community members through community service initiatives. The importance of higher education to national development cannot be overemphasized. However, no meaningful development can take place in a crisis-ridden system torn apart by crisis as witnessed in the educational institutions in the country today. Studies have shown that crisis/conflict in any organization is inevitable and is as old as the higher institutions in Nigeria itself. Today, students’ militancy in the nation’s higher institutions have come to be an issue for serious concern. This is more so in an organization as a higher institution with a structure that allows two or more units or groups to share functional boundaries in achieving its set objectives.
Birth, marriage and death are the standard trio of key events in most people’s live. But out of these three events; ‘marriage’ is a matter of choice (Bunting, 2012). The right to exercise that choice was identified as a principle of law starting from the Roman era and has been established in the international human right instruments. Yet, many girls enter into marriage without any choice of exercising their right to choose. Most of them forced themselves into marriage while schooling for the sake of finding help. Others are simply too young to make a matured decision about their marriage partner or about the consequences of marriages itself. They may have given what passes for ‘counsel’ in the eyes of the law, but in reality, consent to their binding union has been made due to poverty (Bunting, 2012).
The axiom is that once a girl is married while schooling she has automatically become a woman regardless her age and it may possibly affect her academic performance and well-being. There are various forms and causes of female marriage while still schooling, but one issue is prominent, which is marriage while still in school affects the female’s academic performances because combining domestic jobs to lectures, assignments and exams is a task that can’t be met. The right to free and full consent to marriage is recognized in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and in other human right instruments (Shehu, 2010; Bunting, 2012). Female Students getting married has a profound physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional impacts, which has the capacity to dash away the educational opportunities and chances for personal growth. It almost leads to pregnancy and childbearing, and is likely to result into a lifetime domestic and sexual subservience.
For many young girls in developing countries, marriage is perceived as a means of securing and protecting their future. Girls are forced into marriage while still schooling by their families while they are still children in the hope that marriage will yield them returns financially and socially without considering the negative effect it will bring to the students’ academic (Shobba, 2009). On the contrary, marriage while schooling violates the rights of the female students with negative implications. It compromises their overall development, leaving them socially isolated with little or no education, skills and opportunities for employment and self-realization. These conditions ultimately make married female students susceptible to poor academic performance. These married female students are required to do a disproportionate number of chores, which includes new roles and responsibilities as wives and mothers. The young bride’s status in the family is frequently dependent on her, demonstrating their fertility often within the first year of her marriage. At this time, she is not psychologically, emotionally and physiologically prepared for these roles. Additionally, this married female students are made responsible for the care and well-being of future generations while still children themselves. Young mothers with no decision-making powers, restricted mobility and no economic resources are likely to transmit this vulnerability to their kids. Therefore, marriage of female students while still schooling directly compounds to feminization of poor academic performance and intergenerational poverty (Shobba, 2009).
The mindset of the society does not allow girls for higher education in that, it promotes gender inequality and ensures prioritization of economic resources for boy-child (ren). They get fewer opportunities not only in education, but also in all facets of life (Daraz, 2012). Studies conducted by Goldien, as cited in Onoride (2011) revealed that many young married female students face many problems and leave their education uncompleted due to different social and cultural factors. Even if they are fortunate to complete their education, their performance is abysmally poor. This termination of education and abysmal poor performance in their studies is the outcome of the challenges encountered when combining education with their responsibilities as home-keepers in their families.
There has been consensus in literature that marriage of girls still in school disrupts, disturbs and distorts the academic performance and well-being of female students, but these does not imply that all married female students perform poorly in education (https://nairaproject.com/projects/3674.htm) Marriage while still in school poses great threat to the academic performance and well-being of students coerced into it. Poor attendance to class, limited time to read and study, digressed focus from academics to families’ welfare, withdrawal at times and poor time management. All these challenges have been identified in existing literature as the effects of marriage on the academic performance and well-being on female students. Results from some studies revealed that physical discomforts, dizziness, morning sickness, tiredness, excessive spitting and general body pains were some common physiological challenges reported that prevented most pregnant students from learning effectively. In most situations, morning sickness prevented students from attending morning lectures particular when the lecture is scheduled for the early hours of the day. Regular missing of impromptu scheduled lectures and examinations is also common as pregnant student reported that sometimes these activities coincide with their planned antenatal care visits which they have no control over (https://nairaproject.com/projects/3674.htm).
A woman may enthusiastically embrace the simultaneous roles of mother and student; however, undertaking these two roles, even in ideal conditions, can pull one person in two directions (Springer, Parker, &Leviten-Reid, 2009).
Combining motherhood and studying without compromising the activities of either one is a great dilemma for student mothers. When a woman must focus all her attention on her studies, her behavior may contrast with her traditional motherhood role (Visick, 2009). While discourse regarding the “good mother” in any society is based on the traditional motherhood role (Goodwin &Huppatz, 2010), its definitions vary by society given the different experiences and challenges of motherhood in diverse cultures (Zhang, 2011). Role challenges cause women to abandon one role for the sake of the other (Springer et al., 2009). Myths, expectations, and ideals available in the campus culture can influence this behavior.
Academic activities are intertwined with challenging competitions. Therefore, motherhood responsibilities impose a large burden on students’ shoulders. The academic community focuses mainly on success, development, and never-ending competitions without providing any support (Moghadam, Khiaban, Esmaeli&Salsali, 2017). Therefore, taking on motherhood along with studies is not considered normal in universities. Student mothers experience unpleasant emotional pressures and receive negative feedback from the academic setting, implying that education is the first priority. Moreover, prejudice towards student mothers and the labelling of them as non-productive stimulate avoidance behaviors and a discriminatory allocation of educational resources to other students (Springer et al., 2009).
Studies showed that whenever the roles of mother and student overlapped, student mothers made their families and children a priority over their educational duties (Forster and Offei-Ansah,2012). Priority to the family and responsibilities of marital life created problems for doing academic tasks, because the comfort of the family and children was more important than studies for female students (Forster &Offei-Ansah, 2012). In a study entitled College students as mothers, Erk stated that U.S. student mothers made many sacrifices to overcome obstacles and achieve success (Erk, 2013). One example of sacrifice mentioned by the participants was the need to spend time with a sick child at the cost of losing educational goals.
Other studies have confirmed that one cause of emotional turmoil and stress for student mothers was their child’s illness. Almost all student mothers stated that the fear of losing a child to illness was so great that they stayed with their ill children all the time until they got well, even if it prevented them from attending to academic tasks (Esia-Donkoh, 2014). Adofo (2013) also stated that student mothers had to look after their sick children; therefore, they could not prepare for examinations and often did not pass them successfully (Adofo, 2013). It is difficult for women to pursue academic careers and family life. Therefore, choosing to become a mother gives the appearance that a woman is unmotivated, less committed, less interested in doing what she must do to get to the next step on the ladder (Williams, as cited in Onoride, 2011). According to Egenti and Omoruyi (2011) the stress or trauma which they have to go through makes them feel psychologically ill-disposed towards the programme. This has led some of their colleagues to drop out of the programme. Some come late for lectures because of their marital demands or even stay away from lectures for a reasonable period as a result of home pressure or demand. All these affect their learning and level of achievement (Egenti and Omoruyi, 2011).
With regards to the above revealed challenges encountered by the student mothers, this study therefore intends to identify the influence of pregnancy and child bearing on the academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers.
Statement of the Problem
There has been consensus in literature that marriage of girls still in school disrupts, disturbs and distorts the academic performance and well-being of female students. Marriage while still in school poses great threat to the academic achievement and well-being of students coerced into it. Poor attendance to class, limited time to read and study, digressed focus from academics to families’ welfare, withdrawal at times and poor time management. All these challenges have been identified in existing literature as the effects of marriage on the academic achievement and well-being on female students. Studies have revealed that many young married female students face many problems and leave their education uncompleted due to different social and cultural factors.
There have been studies on academic achievement of married female students in higher institutions challenges and coping strategies of student mothers; relationship between academic achievement and child bearing.
The present study therefore intends to investigate the influence of child bearing on the educational attainment and academic achievement of student mothers in tertiary institutions in Enugu State.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of child-bearing on the academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers in higher institutions in Enugu State.
Specifically study sought to;
Find the factors contributing to early marriage and child-bearing during education,
Find the effects of child-bearing on the academic achievement of the student mothers,
Find the effects of child-bearing on the educational attainment of the student mothers.
Proffer solution to the effects.
Significance of the Study
The result from this study will be beneficial to both Federal and State government, Educators and Educational Planners, nursing and student mothers, families, high institutions.
Federal and State government will be equipped from the result of this study that funds, higher access education, poverty easing programs should be made available for education at all levels as this has been observed to be the cause of early marriage and consequential child bearing of the female student. The result from this study will reveal to educators, educational planners and the general public that girls are in no way inferior to men and should be guided, educated encouraged to continue to aspire higher and climb educational ladder.
The findings of this study will also guide young mothers who wish to further their education to post graduate studies such as M.Sc, Ph.D and so on. They will get well acquainted with the inherent challenges in continuing education in the tertiary institutions and the possible coping strategies they could adopt to face these challenges.
The findings of the study will not only be useful to the family as a unit but to the nation as a whole in its quest for empowering women through education. The authorities and policy–makers in the Department of Education may use information derived from this study to devise strategies that would bring changes to the traditional perspective that motherhood and educational responsibilities cannot be met at the same time.
It is the wish of all educational institutions to design and deliver programme that meet the needs and aspirations of different categories of beneficiaries. The findings could therefore serve as a guide to tertiary institutions in their quest to improve on their programme. This could occur as the study will serve as a source of information on the challenges confronting the student nursing mothers and the support services the university must provide to make academic work meaningful to them.
The results of this study may also be used by the researchers as a baseline study for future studies in the area.
Scope of the Study
The study will identified the influence of child-bearingon the academic achievement and educational attainment of the student mothers in tertiary institutions in Enugu State. The topic was chosen in order to investigate how the challenges of child bearing influence the academic achievement and educational attainment of student mothers.Enugu State was chosen because it is where the researcher is residing. Enugu State is bounded in the North by Kogi State, South by Abia State, East by Ebonyi State and West by Anambra State.
Research Questions
The following research questions guided this study;
What are the factors contributing to early marriage and child-bearing during education?
What are the effects of child-bearing on the academic achievement of student mothers in tertiary institutions?
What are the effects of child-bearing on the educational attainment of student mothers in tertiary institutions?
What are the proffered solution to these effects?
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were formulated at 0.05 level of significance. The hypotheses formulated in the study are:
HO1 There is no significance difference between child-bearing and academic achievement of the student mothers.
HO2 There is no significance difference between child-bearing and educational attainment of the student mothers.
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING EXPERIENCES ON STUDENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN ESAN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to look at the impact of Industrial Training Experience on students and organizations in Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State. In other to direct this study, four (4) hypotheses were drawn up for the study. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. The data collected for this respondent were then analysed and the hypotheses and the questions tested by using the simple percentage method. It was found out that the application for placement of Industrial Training was stressful and students gain a lot of benefits from the program. And it was discovered that student’s performance depends on the remuneration given them and employers agree that students helps the organization in their projects. Conclusively, it was recommended that students should be posted to companies and departments related to the students course of study. However, it was suggested that higher institutions should assist students in getting organizations to undertake their industrial training. There is also the need for the organizations to give the trainees some stipends and remunerations.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Industrial training is a program that can never be overemphasized in a country. This program is one of the greatest tools used in helping in the development of a growing society. In every aspects and stages of education of a country, vocational and technical training is always advised to be included in the curriculum of a school and students should be sent to the outside world to practicalize what has been taught them theoretically in school.
Industrial training helps the students in developing his or her manipulative skills and increase experiences which will prepare him or her for the future. Also, industrial training is one of the yardsticks used for the growth of an organization to gain the opportunity to identify and evaluate potential employees, amongst others.
A country’s development also depends on the practical and manpower growths of its citizens which will help the economy of the country go grow and develop.
One of the greatest secrets of a developed country is the increase in entrepreneurship and manpower development. Entrepreneurship is in vogue. A wide range of factors have contributed to the revival of interest in entrepreneurship and small business all over the world. In recent years, many industrialized countries have suffered from economic recession, high unemployment rates and fluctuation in international trade cycles to a degree not experienced since World War II. This situation has tended to increase the attention paid by policy makers to the potential decision makers to the potential role of entrepreneurs as a possible solution to rising unemployment rates and as recipe for economic prosperity.
Human resources development can be said to embrace all the diverse processes more effectively aimed at transforming people, so that they can contribute more effectively to social, political and economic development of the nation. The development and effective utilization of human resources has always therefore been a primary concern for all governments and organizations in the whole world because of its importance to production and national development. In this respect, it can be said that a nations human resources can be improved and transformed by better health care, food availability, house care as well as conducive environment by education and training
It has been noticed by various interested stakeholders that in this present state of economic vicissitude, this country must make the most use of her one of her greatest asset; our working population. Perhaps, we cannot continuously increase the number of workers in our efforts to increase production; we must make do of those available at every level more efficient. This is obvious, but not the only justification for training.
Whatever the state of the economy and the labour market, training is always desirable and it seems self evident that with adequate trained and developed manpower, organizations are better ruined. Our economy’s future obviously depend son our making the utmost use of our human resources and it therefore becomes important that human effort should not be wasted either through lack of skill, interest or through indifferent management.
Definition of Manpower: manpower is a basic and primary resources of any kind of setup, be it a business or an entire nation. It is such an important asset that without it, all the other assets such as capital, machinery etc can never function.
As would be fully discussed later and in detail in this study, Industrial Training Fund is a training body established on 8th October 1971 aimed at promoting and encouraging the acquisition of skills in industry and commerce even in higher schools of learning with a view of generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower in the economy. The objective for which the fund was established has been vigorously and efficaciously. In the three decades of its existence, the industrial training fund has not only helped in generating a corps of skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing various sectors of the national economy.
As part of its responsibilities, the ITF provides direct training, vocational and apprentice training, research and consultancy service, reimbursement of up to 60% levy paid by employers of labour registered with it, and administers the students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES).
What this study would want to find out generally is how students response to this scheme or training, that is do student gain practical knowledge from the training or do they pass through it because it is compulsory. In addition, do they respond more to the scheme or training because of remuneration they get from industrial training fund and sometimes companies or organizations that engage them in Industrial Attachment, do students contribute to the progress of firms or organizations that they use
In conclusion, the students’ industrial training experience scheme is one of the numerous programmes of Industrial Training Fund where students are engaged in industrial training at the different companies or organizations to enhance their manpower capacity and in-house training delivery effort.
Statement of the Study
Manpower development through training has become a compelling priority in our economic, social and political endeavours. We must recognize the fact that general education activities done is not enough as preparation for the world of work. The people need to be trained, retained constantly to keep pace with the changing needs of technological and economical progress.
It is this idea of general education not being enough that the Students Industrial Training Experience program was initiated by the Industrial Training Fund to give students future work experience.
Therefore, our problem on this study is to ascertain the acceptability and positive usage of the program by students and organizations in Nigeria. If the process for getting placement of Industrial Training was easy. If there is any relationship between remuneration and students performance. If industrial training program is a means of helping the organization in their projects
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study includes the following
To find out the impact of the program on practical work experiences of students
To know whether the students’ industrial training experience program can be said to have fulfilled the objectives for which the program was set up
To check students’ contribution to organizations where they are attached
To make recommendations to the Industrial Training Fund program.
Hypothesis
If the application for placement of Industrial Training was stressful.
If the purpose of Industrial Training is of any benefit to the students
If there is any relationship between remuneration and students performance
If Industrial Training Program is a means of helping the organization in their projects
Significance of the Study
It is expected that this study shows the following significance that;
Students acquire industrial skills and experiences in their course of study.
The missions and objectives of the industrial training fund are met
Organizations also contribute to training of future employees as their corporate social responsibility
Organizations benefit from continuous students’ attachment which brings about new perspective and fresh ideas into the working environment.
Delimitation of the Study
Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F) has many programs on manpower and human resources development. This study would be restricted to one of its programs which is the Industrial Training Experiences on students and organizations.
This study would be based on the Industrial Training in Esan West Local Government Area, Ekpoma Edo State. Students to be interviewed are those in Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Edo State and different organizations in the local government area.
AVAILABILITY AND USE OF SERIALS COLLECTIONS BY STUDENTS/RESEARCHERS IN NATIONAL ANIMAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NAPRI) LIBRARY ZARIA
ABSTRACT
This research work investigated availability and use of serial collections by students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Library Zaria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents for the study. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage. The result of the findings revealed that the serial collections are available in the library. Journals 67(74.4%), newsletter 73(81.1%), magazine 85(94.4%), CD-ROM 90(100%), and yearbook directories 74(82.2%), are most use by respondents. The findings also revealed that the purpose of respondents (students) using serial collections is for examination 90(100%), research 75(83.3%), assignment 61(67.8%), and to get current information 83(92.2%). It was then noted that the challenges faced by students while using serial collections are lack of borrowing facilities in the serial section 80(88.9%), poor attitude of the staff to students 81(90%), inadequate reading facilities in the serial section 90(100%), and power failure/interruption 83(92.2%). In the light of the findings from this study, the researcher concluded that a large percentage of the population were very aware of serials like newspapers, journals and magazines available and makes use of these serials adequately. It was therefore recommended that library management should expedite action on the online data entry because when it is fully accomplished, it will facilitate quick and easy information access in the serials library.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The basic purpose of an academic library is to provide sufficient information for making informed decisions by users. Academic libraries normally provide for educational needs of students, to support the teaching staff in their teaching roles and provide for research activities of both the students and teaching staff. The academic library collections must reflect the subject interests of the institutions. It must also be adequate in terms of quality, quantity and variety. The library does this through useful selection and acquisition of materials for teaching learning and research; process and organization of the materials for easy retrieval: and dissemination of information encourages their active exploitation.
Library is an educational tool, which constitutes important components in the infrastructure of knowledge in institutions research and teaching, particularly to make information accessible to the students. Library’s operations are divided into various sections, which include; Reference section, Technical section, and Serials section etc. The importance of Serial collections to students in institution of higher learning such as the academic cannot be overemphasized particularly in academic and university libraries. This is so, because the library resources provide the users with up-to-date information resources that can assist them in their academic pursuit especially in research and learning.
Meanwhile, Serials have historically and presently focused on the provision of current or up-to-date information in general or specific fields of study, this is one of the reasons why according to Woodward (2018) it constitutes “a major part of the collection of academic libraries and also accounts for a large sum of the library expenditure, the academic library inclusive”. The academic library is an integral part of tertiary institutions and accounts for majority of the information material holdings of a tertiary institution, serving all and sundry especially staff and students of a tertiary institution. To further underline the importance of the academic library to a tertiary institution, Kwampong (2014) stated that “the academic library is the heart and aorta of any academic institution, he went further to state that the health and effectiveness of any academic institution depends on the state of health of the library in that academic institution”. The academic library therefore, cannot claim to be the determining factor for the state of excellence of its parent body i.e. the institution where it is situated, if it cannot provide the immediate needs of individuals in that institution, which it can only do through the provision of information materials. Immediate needs as the name implies refers to current information gaps that individuals have identified during the course of their activities on a specific field of study, therefore, the academic library is obligated to be current in its holdings so as to fill immediate information gaps as they are discovered. If immediate needs are not met, the academic library is considered to be inert and moribund which results in an inert and moribund academic institution and automatically low standard of excellence for patrons by the academic library is witnessed as it serves especially undergraduates.
Apart from books, Serials form a vital part of the academic library’s collection for meeting the immediate needs of patrons in its community especially undergraduates for the purpose of this study. Academic libraries acquire, process and make Serials available to its patrons who are usually undergraduates through continuous subscription. Serial are usually treated separately in libraries i.e. they are acquired, processed and disseminated separately due to rate of subscription and peculiarity of its nature. The unit responsible for Serials management is the Serials unit, which was described by Oni (2016) as “the unit responsible for Serials operations”. Osborn (2014) defined Serials as “a printed work that appears regularly, founded with the expectation of unlimited duration, which is not predominantly concerned with events of the day or else it pays attention only to the latest development in a special field”. In addition to this, Harold (2014) describes Serials as “any publication bearing either chronological or numerical designations issued in successive parts, appearing at intervals and as a rule, intended to be continued indefinitely”. The definitions above not only describe Serials literature but also underlay the major importance of Serials: providing current information. This importance is very essential to the relevance of the academic library to its immediate community and the general population. Kinds of Serials include journals, newspapers, newsletters, proceedings, transactions of societies and other periodicals like abstracts and indexes. These types of Serials vary in content and interval of appearance. Daily Newspapers constitute the highest rate of issues because of its daily publications, but it doesn’t provide information on specific fields of study, it takes a little of everything in one issue. Unlike journals, that will not be published daily but focuses on the specifics in a field of study. Serials are usually in print formats but with the advent of information technology, Serials are not computerized appearing in e-formats.
A brief look at the origin of Serials show that, according to Osborn (2014), Serials can be traced back to the period when annals where written on the tombs of Egyptian kings during the first dynasty. This is no surprise as the growth of papyrus started along the Nile River in Egypt, papyrus being a paper-like material was a major landmark in the history of writing and ultimately the beginning of Serials. As time evolved, other notable inventions such as the moveable types by Johannes Gutenberg, typewriters, and of course computers have facilitated the development and use of Serials up to the 2014s when Serials and the internet were compliments of one another. Undergraduate students are an integral part of the university community. They form the “receiving” members of the university community, while the lecturers and other staff form the “giving” members of the university community. This makes learning the most important issue. A brief look at the origin of Serials, according to Osborn (2014), Serials can be traced back to the period when annals where written on the tombs of Egyptian kings during the first dynasty. This is no surprise as the growth of papyrus started along the Nile River in Egypt, papyrus being a paper-like material was a major landmark in the history of writing and ultimately the beginning of Serials. As time evolved, other notable inventions such as the moveable types by Johannes Gutenberg, typewriters, and of course computers have facilitated the development and use of Serials up to the 2014s when Serials and the internet were compliments of one another. Undergraduate students are an integral part of the university community. They form the “receiving” members of the university community, while the lecturers and other staff form the “giving” members of the university community. This makes learning the most important issue for undergraduates. As the “receiving” group, undergraduates are expected to use information usually based on specific courses of study for assignments, reports, presentations, seminars, and final year projects, this is encouraged and expected of the undergraduate for excellent performance. The academic library located in the university should be open to undergraduates for the use of its Serials, as Serials are vital information materials providing the latest in a field of study and suiting the needs of the learning group, which will always have immediate needs. This is supported by Fayose (2016) when he stated that Serials are very useful because they are the most up-to-date materials in the library and that articles in Serials are written by experts in the field, making them reliable and precise. Although, even with the enormous benefits of Serials to the academic performance of undergraduates, it seems undergraduates do not recognize this, or they ignore the benefits they can derive from the use of Serials and some cases the few undergraduates who are interested in the use of Serials are denied access, a brief look at some findings show this.
The explosion of knowledge and publications of all kinds, conventional or non-conventional, means the universe of materials has grown much larger. One very important set of library materials in the library is Serials. A Serial is a publication in any medium issued in successive parts and intended to be continued indefinitely. This definition includes periodicals, newspapers, annuals (reports, yearbooks directories, etc., journals, and memoirs proceedings, transactions of societies, monographic series, and unnumbered series. The Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (2013) define Serial as a ‘continuing resource issued in a succession of discrete parts usually bearing numbering that has no predetermined conclusion for example, print and electronics journal, magazines, continuing directories, annual reports, newspapers and monographic serves’.
This is why authors such as Attama and Ezema (2002) defined Serials as publications issued in successive parts, appearing at intervals bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to continued indefinitely. The term thus embraces such materials as periodicals, magazines, annuals which include reports, yearbooks, directories, proceedings, and transactions etc. Serials formed the backbone of research collections as a result academic libraries cannot do without it because of the usefulness to researchers, scholars, and investigators. They see Serial collections as sine qua non to the development of research activities in academic environment.
The Library Serial collections/materials were established to serve the Academic libraries. It coordinates the collections and services of the academic Library. The administration of the Library System is centralized under the academic Librarian. The last years have been a period of rapid growth, with the printed book collection now well stocked. The Library stocks other items as well as current periodical titles. The virtual Library will be available to the academic students and staff online 24/7 via the Internet, regardless of the user’s physical location.
Serials are essential tools of teaching and research in academic endeavor and remain a potential tool for dissemination of knowledge .It is in support of this that Attama and Ezema (2002) stated the importance of Serials in academic environment particularly for undergraduate students, which include the followings:
Serial provide up –to -date information on any issue than textbooks.
It supplies scientific and discoveries and results of latest findings.
It makes researchers frequent and current in the frontiers of knowledge.
It provides a first hand and detailed information on a particular subject and also it provides empirical evidence on issue being treated.
According to Okiy (2013) the Serials constitute an important part of the resources of an academic library because, they provide the latest information on research and current affairs. For this reason, it is necessary for the Serials division to be as complete in its holdings as possible in order to support the teaching, learning, recreations and research programmes of the University. The Serials collection is made up of both current and backsets of periodicals for lecturers and students to access within the library but cannot be borrowed for home reading. Ogbomo (2014) defines Serials as “a publication issued in successive parts, usually at regular intervals and as a rule, intended to be continued indefinitely”. Serials include journals, magazines, bulletins and newsletters, proceedings learned societies and associations etc. they may be published daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly etc the search for information on any subject in an academic library must include the examination of Serial publication because they current information about new ideas or discoveries and keep researchers abreast of growth of knowledge in their areas of investigation.
In the selection and acquisition of materials, the Serials librarian and collection development librarian work closely with the university librarian. However, the libraries welcome recommendations from patrons and faculty lecturers. Broadus (2015) asserts that Selection must be given due importance because funds are always limited, the available money should be spent wisely to meet the needs of users towards fulfilling the objectives of supporting, teaching, learning and research needs of the University. The Serial Liberian should be able to satisfy the patrons by selecting and acquiring their immediate and anticipated needs. Collection management involves managing the use of library collection, its storage, its organisation and making it accessible to users. The process of collection management has become very challenging and complex. As observed by Friend (2014), basic collection management activities include analysis of user needs, inter and intra-library communication, policy development, budgeting and allocation of resources, contract negotiations, macro-evaluations of collection, micro-evaluation for selection, relegation, preservation or withdrawal of stock and system evaluation. So this study intends to find out the availability and use of Serial resources by student/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria.
Historical Background of National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria
The National Animal Production Research Institute had a primordial beginning as Shika Cattle Stud farm in 1928 used for selecting indigenous breeds of bulls for breeding native herds. In 1954, research into sown pastures and range management commenced and in 1962 it became Shika Grassland Research Station under the Institute for Agricultural Research of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The Decree No 35 of August 27, 1973 and the Research Institutes (Establishment) order of November, 1975 gave birth to the National Animal Production Research Institute on July 1, 1976. The Institute is funded by and financially accountable to the Federal Government but administratively under the Ahmadu Bello University.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Students in the academic community are mainly concerned with one major pre-occupation: learning. Learning in tertiary institutions therefore, goes beyond class lectures or the traditional lecturer-student interaction in class. Students are expected to conduct research for immediate needs such as continuous assignment and assessment test, further reading apart from class notes, presentations and ultimately final year projects which Serials are capable of providing information for. However, these students have unlimited access to Serials in the academic libraries and even the internet. Researchers have shown that high price of subscription to Serials both print and online, budget cuts by academic management, lack of internet access, inadequate basic search skills, ignorance and so on are the major challenges. These challenges in turn bounce back on the students in Nigeria and this seems to be affecting academic performance and overall knowledge standard, this as well escalates to affect the educational standard of the entire nation. The role of academic libraries, open access journals and other sources for current Serials is to provide students with immediate information needs. However, there appears to be lack of access to these Serials or restriction to their use.
Moreso, in developed countries, use of Serial library resources is easy because of it availability nature, but in developing countries like Nigeria, available literature and the researcher’s personal experience have shown a low use of Serial resources in library by the students because of the observed inadequacies and lack of knowledge of their availability by the students. It is against this background that this study investigates the availability and use of Serials library resources by students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria.
1.3 Research Questions
What are the types of Serial collections available for students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria?
To what extent do students/researchers use Serial collections in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria?
For what purpose do students/researchers use Serial collections in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria?
What are the challenges facing the use of Serial collections by the students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria?
What are the solutions to the use of Serial collections by the students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
Objectives of the study are:
To identify the types of Serial collections available in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria.
To find out the extent at which the students/researchers make use of Serial collections in National Animal
Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria.To examine the purpose for the use of Serial collections by the students/researcher in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria.
To identify the challenges facing the use of Serial collections by the students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria.
To find out possible solutions to the challenges facing the use of Serial collections by the students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study is essential because it is hoped to provide an insight into availability and use of Serial resources by students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria. The study would reveal the effect of non-availability and low usage of Serial resources by students/researchers. The recommendations that may be given would be important to our government policy makers at the federal, states and local government levels.
The study will provide lecturers, school authorities and government the dangers and damage of non-availability of Serial resources and its effects on the academic performance or achievement of students. Finally, it shall serve as a veritable source of information to students and researchers. Also, school authorities would find the finding of this study useful. They could use them to detect and prevent such symptoms that are likely to make students’ low academic performance in the selected tertiary institutions
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is restricted to the availability and use of Serial resources by students/researchers in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Zaria only.
The project work of this kind cannot come up without some limitations. The major limitations of the study is finance, limited time at researcher’s disposal, and because of these limitations, this study was only able to select one academic library in Kaduna State. Despite these limitations, due care was taken not to sacrifice quality and in-depth of this study on the iota of time, data and money.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Library: A Library is a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or the members of an institution.
Serial: A publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological designation and intended to be continued indefinitely.
Serial Collections: This is the action or process of collecting a publication that is issued in successive parts. Examples are periodicals, magazines, journals, newspapers, annual reports, and series. Journal and periodical are terms also used to describe such publications.
Use: An act that brings something into services for a particular purpose.
Availability: This is the quality of being able to be used or obtained.
Periodicals: Periodicals are form of magazines or newspaper published at regular intervals.
Virtual Library: A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer systems, where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
Internet: The internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
Students: These are people who go to school and are learning something. Students can be children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college or university. A younger student is often called a pupil.
Researchers: These are people who carry out academic or scientific research.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS PREDICTOR OF STUDENTS’ POOR PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The study focused on the domestic violence as predictions of secondary students poor performance in Obafemi Owode Local Government, identify the negative influence of domestic violence as predictions of society. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population of the study consists of male and female students in public Senior Secondary School classes (SS1-SS3) in Obafemi Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State. The study sample size is 120 public Senior Secondary School students’ (SS1-SS3) in Obafemi Owode Local Government, of Ogun State. Stratified random sampling technique was used in selection of the sample size in order to ensure equal representation based on gender and school types. The study used researcher’s developed questionnaire; tagged: ‘Impact of Domestic Violence on Student Academic Questionnaire (IDVSAAQ)’.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Pupil school participation as seen in attendance, performance and class participation is related to their psychological and physical state which in turn could be influenced by family relations including domestic violence. Domestic violence is almost always accompanied by psychological abuse and in many cases by forced sex as well. Although the family Is a place where people are expected to maintain intimacy and experience greater emotional support in their relationship, domestic violence presents itself as a paradox. It is ironical that this very supportive social unit is also the arena where intimate partner violence (IPV) is more often experienced. Children from slum areas, who witness violence between their parents on top of other social challenges, are exposed to the aftermath of domestic violence such as anxiety, depression, poor academic performance, low self–esteem, disobedience, nightmares and physical health deterioration all of which may negatively impinge on their academic performance and school participation. The extent and magnitude of domestic violence cannot be precisely measured because there are many cases whereby victims fail to report thus making this vice an inter-personal and family secret. Violence between spouses or intimate partner violence (IPV) usually has far reaching consequences on children. Besides the scenes of violence being traumatic, the children may suffer short-term as well as long-term emotional imbalances, which not only affect their behaviour and performance in schools, but also may adversely affect their social and inter-personal relationships. These children may then end up being abusers themselves in what can be seen as continuity hypothesis. Children who witness violence between their parents often develop many of the same behavioural and psychological problems as children who are themselves abused.
Academic performance is an important parameter in measuring success in student. The concept of academic performance is inevitable in any formal educational institution. It expresses the learning achievement of an individual or a group at the end of an academic programme. It is a criterion for ascertaining the capabilities of student from which his potentials could be assimilate, retain, recall and communicate his knowledge of what has been learnt (joe, Kpolovie, Osonwa and iderima 2014). This concept has close relationship in meaning with academic achievement and academic attainment. Academic performance is demonstrated achievement as knowledge attained or skills developed in school subject usually designed by test scores or marks assigned by the teacher or both. These definitions imply that academic performance is observed and measured aspect of a student’s mastery of skill(s) or subject content(s). It suggests that academic performance is one of the three required aspects of a properly composed learning objective as noted in Singh(2010) and it denotes an expression of a learner’s attainment in properly stated behavioural objectives. Meanwhile, poor academic performances of secondary school students’ have been affected by many factors which domestic violence is among.
The domestic violence is such a factor which is the foundation for children’s development, as such in terms of family problems, family’s socio-economic status plays a vital role in educational achievements of the students. The home has a great influence on the child’s psychological, emotional, social and economic state. This is because the domestic violence in context to the child’s performance affects his reaction to life situations and his level of performance. The success at school is associated with domestic violence factors, as these factors can greatly affect young children’s cognitive skills. Disadvantaged children (children with poor social background and facing more number of domestic violence factors) start schooling with significantly lower cognitive skills than their more advantaged peers (Sharma, Basad and Gupta 2015). Dutton (2012) defines physical abuse as any behaviour that involves the intentional use of force against the body of another person that risks physical injury, harm and or pain. It includes pushing, hitting, slapping, choking, using an object to hit, twisting of a body, forcing the ingestion of an unwanted substance and use of a weapon. He further sees sexual abuse as form of domestic violence defines it as any unwanted sexual intimacy forced on an individual by another. It may include oral anal or vaginal stimulation or penetration, forced nudity, forced exposure to sexual explicit material or activity. Compliance may be obtained through actual or threatened physical force or through some other form of coercion.
Domestic violence is threatening many Nigerian families and is unfortunately increasing in our society. Many people, the vast majority of them children have been injured, disabled and killed as a result of domestic violence. Following the recent happenings where domestic violence, it has become a great priority that domestic violence is a menace that needs to be addressed as soon as possible and accorded with all seriousness that it deserve. It was further notes that domestic violence does not recognize social classes or educational standards (Wopadovi,2014). Domestic violence is assuming national and international attention and it is a type of violence that is prevalent in many homes, and the world over. It is a form of defilement, assault, sexual harassment, and rape or battering, child abuse, for example denial of right, necessities and opportunities, threatening patterns of communication such as insults, harassment, neglectful lack of action. Domestic violence has been outlined by Amnesty international as most violent attacks on an individual or group of people or women. It involves physical, sexual and psychological violence in the family including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to any member of the household. Domestic violence may be exhibited by any member of the household (Sharma, Basad and Gupta 2015).
Adejobi, Osonwa, Iyam, Udonwa and Osonwa (2013) asserted that one negative aspect of family’s life is the effect of domestic violence on children, either as witness to, or victims of conflict which is determined by inter-parental relationship child could be severely traumatized by witnessing domestic violence or themselves being victims of this violence. According to them, domestic violence is a pattern of assaultive and coercion, the adults or adolescents use against their intimate partners. Toda domestic violence is not recognized as a serious societal problem in Nigeria (Imtionde, Aluede and Oboite, 2012). Yet, children in families in which such violence occurs have remained largely invisible as victims. Children who live in households with domestic violence are said to be at higher risk for maladjustment than children who do not live with such violence.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Literatures have revealed a growing trend towards violence and brutality towards pupils from their parents and homes. Often this violence plays out in other forms towards fellow pupils. Further investigation revealed that the perpetrator of this crime had suffered domestic violence. This has resulted in a trend where many families are pre-occupied with the pressure of daily living to the extent that some hoes are witnessing indiscipline among pupils. The propensity for pupils to be violent is also in part influenced by domestic ecology. While domestic violence has been recognized as one of the most entrenched and pervasive forms of violence in Nigeria today, its influence on school going children have yet to receive the same degree of attention (Tony,2012). Children who are victims or witnesses of domestic violence may develop physical, psychological and behavioural problem as a result of physical, verbal, psychological and other forms of violence. This may affect their participation in school as they may go to school when they are too scared to learn and a good number of them may lag behind in class as well as in life due to exposure to domestic violence. The short-term and long-term emotional and physical aftermath of domestic violence may affect pupil’s school attendance, academic performance, and behavioural patterns in school and class participation. It’s unclear how types extent of domestic violence cause student’s poor academic performance, but this study seeks to investigate this scenario.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of this study is to examine domestic violence as predictors of secondary school students’ poor performance in Obafemi Owode Local government.
The specific objectives of the study include, examining:
The influence of domestic violence on students’ school attendance in secondary schools in Nigeria;
The influence of domestic violence on academic achievement of students’ in secondary schools in Nigeria;
The influence of domestic violence on school behavioural patterns of students’ in secondary schools in Nigeria;
The influence of domestic violence on students’ class participation in secondary schools in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Based on above study objectives, the following questions were raised:
What is the influence of domestic violence on students’ school attendance in secondary schools in Nigeria?
Would there be significant influence of domestic violence on school behaviour patterns of students’ in secondary schools in Nigeria?
What is the influence of domestic violence on school behavioral patterns of students’ in secondary schools in Nigeria?
What is the influence of domestic violence on students’ class participation in secondary schools in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following null-hypothesis were postulated in line with above objectives:
H01 : there is no significant influence of domestic violence on students’ school, attendance in secondary schools in Nigeria.
H02 : there is no significant influence of domestic violence on academic achievement of students’ in secondary schools in Nigeria.
H03 : there is no significant influence of domestic violence on school behavioural patterns of students’ in secondary schools in Nigeria.
H04 : there is no significant influence of domestic violence on students’ class participation in secondary schools in Nigeria.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study may assist different education sector stakeholders in addressing domestic violence as a social vice and to improve the academic achievement and school participation of student coming from the low socio-economic levels. Education sector policy makers, school administrators and teachers may use the findings of this study to formulate strategies for implementing and promoting participation of student coming from families vulnerable to domestic violence.
The local administration and social workers as well as non-governmental organization(NGOs) may use these findings in identifying such families, abused children and in formulating strategies for addressing the ills of domestic violence and encourage socially inclusive interventions mechanisms within slum areas. The study may also benefit the legal legislative framework by providing information needed to incorporate protective las against domestic violence and school participation, basic education rights and regulations.
The results may also contribute to the national debate on domestic violence and its control as well as insights into more research on the causes, impacts and relationships of domestic violence with other element of economic and social well-being of society
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study examined domestic violence as predictors of secondary school students’ poor performance in Obafemi Owode Local Government. In terms of contents coverage, the study further examined influence of domestic violence on the students’ school attendance, academic achievement, school behavioural patterns and class participation in secondary schools in Nigeria.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms were defined for the purpose of this study:
Academic performance: this refers to the level of performance in school, accomplishment or success in school in terms of general average scores in examination.
Domestic Violence: this refers to physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and abuse to property and pets.
Physical Abuse: this refers as ay behaviour that involves the intentional use of force against the body of another person that risks physical injury, harm and or pain. It includes pushing, hitting, slapping, choking, using an object to hit, twisting of a body part, forcing the ingestion of an unwanted substance and use weapon.
Sexual Abuse: this refers to form of domestic violence which is defined as any unwanted sexual intimacy forced on an individual by another. It may include oral anal or vaginal stimulation or penetration, forced nudity, forced exposure to sexual explicit material or activity.
ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS TOWARDS EXAMINATION MALPRACTICESINSOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OSHODI/ ISOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to investigate examination malpractice among secondary school students in Oshodi/Isolo Local Government area in Lagos State. The project examines the attitude and perception of students and teachers towards examination malpractice in secondary schools. In this research work, a sample of one hundred (100) respondents was collected using purposive sampling techniques from four secondary schools in Oshodi/Isolo Local Government. The research instrument used for the study was the teachers and students perception questionnaire which was validated by the supervisor and used for the collection of data from the respondents. The data collected from respondents were analyzed with distribution tables and simple percentage using likert scale. At the end of the analysis the study revealed the major reasons for examination malpractice which include parental pressure for good grades, peer group influence, inadequate preparation, and so on. The study further recommends that, good remuneration, re-orientation of teachers and parent, should be emphasized.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Evidence abound of increasing incidents of examination malpractices by students at schools and colleges; which conflict with the core purpose of education-the training of the mind and character for the acquisition of practical and theoretical skills, knowledge and functional ideas for development; and the search for truth and knowledge and the creation and communication of ideas ( Aaron, 1992).
In Nigeria, the first publicly reported case of examination malpractice occurred in 1914 when there was a leakage of question papers in the senior Cambridge local Examination.
Ever since, there have been cases of irregularities reported on a yearly basis while the outstanding years were 1963, 1967,1970, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1991,1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,2002,2003 (West African Examination Council, 2004). The major forms of examination malpractices reported are: Impersonation, bringing in foreign materials (books, calculator), substituting worked scripts, stealing, converting, misappropriating scripts; collusion in the examination hall (copying), mass/organized cheating involving assistance from teachers and outsiders; and insult/assault on supervisors/invigilators (Oluyeba and Daramola, 1992). This trend in examination malpractices is inimical to academic development and advancement and needs to be drastically addressed.
Examination malpractice can be defined as a deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary to official rules, and is designed to place a candidate at an unfair advantage or disadvantage; it is a careless, illegal or unacceptable behaviour by a candidate in a formal test of his knowledge or ability in a particular subject (Philemon, 2007). It could also be said to be an act of omission or commission which compromises the validity and integrity of any examination (Okwu, 2006). Examination malpractice is counter-practice that is against ethics of examination, it is an act of disrespect to all rules and regulations guiding the good conduct of any examination or any evaluation process.
Examination malpractice is an illegal or unethical behaviour by somebody in the process of testing an examinee’s ability or knowledge by means of question (Ikupa, 1997). Oluyeba and Daramola (1992) remarked that examination malpractice is any irregular behavior exhibited by a candidate or anybody charged with the conduct of examination before, during or after the examination which contravenes the rules and regulations governing the conduct of such examination. Such examination malpractice will include any of the following: examination leakage, impersonation, cheating, collusion, swapping of scripts, smuggling of answer scripts in examination halls, result/certificate forgery, verbal/physical assault on examination administrators.
Similarly, Kibler (1993) defined examination mal-practices as forms of cheating and plagiarism that involve students giving or receiving unauthorized assistance in an academic exercise or receiving credit for work that is not their own.
In Nigeria the last two decades have witnessed an alarming rate of crisis of examination misconduct especially in the Secondary and tertiary institutions. It has been widely reported that parents aid and abet examination malpractices directly or indirectly because they even go to the extent of bribing their way through to ensure that their wards get unearned grades. The teachers on their part encourage examination malpractices because they lack the zeal to work and at the end would want to be praised for a job, which was never done thus graduating students who do not actually possess the abilities for which they were examined (Nanna, 1997).
Examination malpractice is not a recent phenomenon or is it peculiar to Nigeria or Africa; but it is a global issue (Ikupa, 1997). However, the alarming rate of its increase in Nigeria calls for novel ways to redress the situation. Examination misconduct has some social and psychological dimensions, which the counselor should address with holistic intervention. Good grades in any examination are gateways to further education and entry into the world of work. But if the value systems of our youths are well constructed, the examination ethics should be adhered to. According to Omoluabi (1993) and Uzoka (1993), our value system has broken down completely and so adults and youths alike act without moral scruples. The general emphasis in our society today is on materialism, bribery, corruption, cultism, sexual promiscuity, fraud, violence, certificate racketeering and a host of other social vices. Aina (1996) succinctly stated that, ethics and integrity are the solution to all the examination ills.
Hence, the social, political and economic structure of this nation is dependent on the promotion of examination ethics; and that hard work is a virtue which once cultivated takes one through life and forms the foundation for an enduring success. Alutu (2002) in a seminar to Secondary School students in Benin City on academic excellence drew students’ attention to the 3p’s —praying, planning and persistent hard work— to academic excellence. The students who were mainly from a Christian community were made to know that praying to God for success without matching it with good study plans and use of time and persistent hard work will not lead them to achieve the goal of academic excellence.
In the WAEC conducted examination in 1991, 30,982 students were involved in examination malpractices while 35,479 were reported in 1992. Shonekan (1996) opines that 1992-1995 a total of 2,818,679 candidates sat for the May/June and November/December Senior School Certificate Examinations and 350,902 candidates’ results were withheld for examination malpractices. Oriola (2003) reports that in 2003 JAMB (Joint Admission and Matriculation Board) 1,099,241 sat for the examination and 116,990 candidates representing 11.5% results were withheld for various examination offences. Jimoh(2009) states that the Federal Ministry of Education blacklisted and derecognized 324 secondary schools across the nation as centers for conducting public examinations from 2007 to 2010. The distribution of the schools that were found guilty of examination malpractice is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Examination Malpractice in Nigerian Secondary Schools
Zones
No of Schools involved
%
North Central
54
16.6
North East
8
2.5
North West
12
3.6
South East
48
14.8
South West
86
26.5
South South
116
36.0
TOTAL
324
100
Source: Week End Times, 17th & 18th February, 2007, p. 4
Table 1 shows the prevalence of examination malpractice in secondary schools in Nigeria. It occurs in all geopolitical zones in the country.
The phenomenon of examination malpractice seems to be aggravated by the large scale and shameful involvement of dishonest and greedy teachers, school heads, parents and all those who take part in examination administration (Ijaiya, 1998). The prominence assumed by this malady in the school system has become a source of concern to stakeholders in the education industry. Every examination season witnesses new and ingenious methods of cheating. The examination process has become endangered to the extent that certification has almost lost its credibility in the country. Certificates no longer seem to reflect skill and competence. Accusing fingers have been pointed at teachers, school heads, parents, students, examination officials and even security agents as those responsible for examination malpractice in the school system (Jimoh 2009).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The persistent occurrence of examination malpractices has been a major concern to educationists. Despite the high premium placed on examinations by the National Policy on Education, it seems that examination malpractices have not been properly addressed in Nigeria. Common observations have shown that there is mass cheating in public examinations in the States. Nothing concrete has been done to reduce the problem except the cancellation of results for a particular centre or the withholding of results in certain subjects.
The perception of teachers towards examination malpractices differs from individual to individual and to a large extent from society.
However, the problem of examination malpractices has eroded the seriousness of students in studying and learning. It has deprived students from learning instead, they prefer going to examination hall with micro-chips, key points, even textbooks to make things easy in the examination hall. Thus the resultant effect of this illicit act is the production of half-baked graduates and invariably leading to inefficiency.
Therefore, this project sought to assess the attitude and perception of students and teachers towards examination malpractices.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The broad objective of this study is to examine the attitude and perception of secondary school students and teachers in examination malpractices.
The specific objectives are:
To examine the various factors influencing examination malpractices.
To find out the motivating factor influencing examination malpractices.
To determine the role of school authorities in aiding, abetting, and preventing examination malpractices.
To examine what motivate teachers to partake in examination malpractices.
To determine the roles of parents ,guardians and peer group in examination malpractices
To make useful recommendations based on the research findings.
1.4 Research Questions
The researcher of this study intends to carry out a research on the issue which raises the following questions:
What attitudes do students portrays towards examination?
What are the factors that predispose students to examination malpractices?
Is there any significant role played by school authorities towards examination malpractices for the students?
Is there any significant difference in teachers’ perception of examination malpractices in secondary schools?
Is there any significant role played by parents or guardians towards examination malpractices?
Is there any significant role played by peer groups towards examination malpractices by students?
What is the perception of teachers on examination malpractices?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference in the behaviour of students in the examination hall compared to when they are taught in the classroom.
Ho: Inadequate examination preparation of students cannot lead to examination malpractices.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between school authorities on examination malpractices and secondary school students.
Ho: There is no significant relationship in teachers’ perception toward examination malpractices in secondary schools.
Ho: There is no significant role played by parents towards examination malpractices by students.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between peer group influence and examination malpractices.
Ho:There is no significant difference in teachers’ perception of examination malpractices in public and private secondary schools.
1.6 Justification of the Study
The need to assess the attitude and perception of teachers and students towards examination malpractices cannot be underestimated in recent time and the outcome of this research work will be of immense benefit to the government agencies, principals of schools, teachers, parents/guardians and the society at large. This will provide useful information and guidelines for solving the problem of examination malpractices in secondary schools.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The study will beam more light on the problem of examination malpractices in secondary schools
It will help to enlighten education administrators on the principles of solving the problems of examination malpractices in schools.
The research work will provide opportunity for better appreciation of educational certificate in the country.
It will help in solving the problem of brain drain in the country.
It will help secondary school student to put the right attitude towards learning and in examinations.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The canker worm of examination malpractices has eaten deep into the fabric of education in the country. This study will concentrate on the effects of examination malpractice, their causes, and possible solution in some selected secondary schools in Oshodi/Isolo Local Government in Lagos state.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
The major constraints to this research work is time required in administering the questionnaire and the writing of the thesis, as well as the cost of moving from one school to another in administering and filling of the questionnaire by respondents. Also, uncooperative attitude of some students and teachers in filling the questionnaire.
Lastly, the non availability of enough materials and literatures on the project topic constitutes a constraint.
1.10 Operational Definition of Terms
Examination: It is a way to ascertain how much of a subject matter in a particular field of study the candidate has mastered. In other words, it is a process through which studies are evaluated or tested to find out the quality of knowledge they have acquired within a specific period.
Malpractice: It is a failure of professional person to proper services through reprehensive ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent. It is also referred to as improper misconduct.
Examination malpractice: Is any act of omission or commission that contravenes the Rules and Regulations of the examination body to the extent of undermining the validity and reliability of the tests and ultimately, the integrity of the certificates issued.
School Authorities: This refers to teachers and principals who are invigilators and supervisors of examination in schools.
Education: It is the transmission of cultural renewal. It is the development of the mind and body (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains) of an individual in order that he/she may become useful to the society.
Educational Administrator: This refers to someone who administers an educational organization of a unit within the organization either a system or an institution such as university, polytechnics, colleges, etc.
Teacher: One who educates and train others to learn .He is the person who impacts knowledge into others through some teaching skills and methods.
Curriculum: This is a guide to the things students are taught in schools. Thus, the content of teaching and learning can be in the form of theory and practice.
School Facilities: this refers to thing such as buildings, classroom chairs, tables, school hall, Field, Materials etc. that are useful in the school system and enhances effective teaching and learning.
Test Anxiety: This refers to the fear a student exhibits before, during or after writing a test.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ICT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS WITH HEARING IMPAIRED
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Information and communication technology usually called ICT, is often used as an extended synonym for Information Technology (IT) but it is usually a more general term that stresses the role of unified communication and the integration of telecommunication (telephone lines and wireless signals), intelligent building management, systems and audio-visual system in modern information technology. ICT consists of all technical means used to handle information and aid communication which include computer and network hardware, and related communication software. In other words, ICT consists of information technology as well as mobile phone, Ipad and Galazy tab, all types of audio-visual processing and transmission network base control and monitoring information. The expression was first used in 1997 in a report by Dennis Steverson to the UK government and promoted by the new national curriculum documents for the UK in 2000.
ICT is often used in the context of “ICT road map” to indicate the path that an organization would take with their ICT needs.
The term ICT is now also used to refer to the merging (conveyance) of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or wireless system. There are large economic incentives (huge cost saving due to elimination of the telephone networks) to merge the audio-visual, building management and telephone network with the computer system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management. See VIOP and Intelligent Infrastructure Management (IIM). This in turn has spurres the growth of organizations with the term ICT in their names to indicate their specialization in the process of merging the different networks systems. www.european.agency_org/ICT.
Oliver and Chapman(1990) defined information and communication technology as the technology which supports activities involving the creation, storage, manipulation and communication of information together with their related methods, management and application.
Agboola (2001) defined the term as “the range of products and system which handles, process and produce information using computer and/or telecommunication technologies.
To cater for the handicapped people, special schools were established. The new National Policy on Education has made provision for them. Section 8, page 556 of the policy stated the purpose and objectives of special education as to give concrete meaning to the idea of equalizing educational opportunities for all children, their physical, mental and emotional disabilities notwithstanding. The policy has therefore rated both the normal and handicapped person equal educational opportunities. The government then established special primary and secondary schools and special colleges of education. These schools have been taken over by both the federal and state government in Nigeria.
Hearing impairment is one of the handicapping conditions, which many educators regards as a living problem because of their inability to hear and to talk due to the damage of their eardrum and cochlear. Also, the fear may stem largely from the general belief that such children are usually in capable of learning and thus living a normal life. But all these speculations have been disapproved by some researchers (European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education 2003).
ICT development make it possible for more people with hearing impairment to realize their educational and employment aspirations. Student are able to accomplish a greater range of tasks independent of physical association from others and are able to enter greater number of academic fields with increasing success, (Britter, 1996). However, voice recognition software, scanning technology, increasing use of e-mail and an over expanding range of assistive devices have enabled impaired children to retain and enter the labour market (Work Bridge, 1996).
According to the European commission, the importance of ICT lies less in the technology itself than in its ability to create greater access to information and communication in underserved populations. Many countries around the world have established organizations for the promotion of ICTs, because it is feared that unless less technologically advanced areas have a chance to catch up, the increasing technological advances in developed nations will only serve to exacerbate the already existing economic gap between technological “have” and “have not” areas. Internationally, the United Nations actively promotes ICTs for development as a means of bridging the digital divide.
ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as ICT in education, health care, or libraries. The term is some what more common outside of the United States. ICT which refers to technologies that provide access to information which is similar to information technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.
In the past five decades, information and communication technologies have provided society with a vast array of new communication capabilities. Modern information and communication technologies have created a “global village”, in which people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next door. For this Reasons ICT is often studied in the context of how modern communication technologies affect society.
Hearing impairment is a hearing loss that prevents a person from totally receiving sounds through the ear. If the loss in mild, the person has difficulty hearing faint or distant speech. A person with this degree of hearing impairment may use a hearing aid to amplify sounds. If the hearing loss is severe, the person may not be able to distinguish any sounds.
The integration of ICT can be described as the use of internet based and computer-based applications in class environment to help establish communication and reach information and thus to support student learning. Studies conducted in the field of education have revealed that the effective integration of ICT into the learning environment engage students in higher-order thinking. In recent years a number of developed countries have started to invest on the integration of ICT in schools and educational instruction especially universities are increasingly looking to ICT as a technical aid in the development of new models of teaching and learning.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is of particular value in developing the language experiences of learners with hearing impairment. ICT can be a very visual medium with pictures, signs or texts on screen allowing pupils to extend to both their general knowledge and use of language without being depended on the spoken word. Learners who have a hearing loss often need opportunities to extend their use of descriptive language in order to describe, compare and contrast objects; all skills that under line effective information handling, collaborating on an ICT activities can encourage a group of students to extend their use of language and their understanding of concepts and they plan and carry out their works. The end of the dark ages for the deaf may be marked by the writing of Girolamo O. Cardano (1501-1576), an Italian Mathematician and Physician, who accepted Agricola’s report of a deaf mute who had learned to write. Cardano argued for teaching of the deaf to read and write, believing that may abstract ideas could be explained to them through signs. Apparently, he was the first to realize that written words could present ideas directly without recourse the speech.
Although increasing attention is given to the needs of hearing impaired children, the present state of special education for hearing impaired children is not special one. Many deaf students have leave school unable to read and write their mothers tongue proficiently. The average deaf students completing a secondary education programme are still performing at a level similar to average 9 or 10 years old hearing students”. Many deaf students are not able to communicate effectively, perhaps not even with school mate or member of their own family. Many parents are given confusing, contradicting information and advice when it is discovered that their children have hearing impairment, identification of deaf child is often devastating for parents.
The rate of unemployment and underemployment among hearing impaired adult is shockingly high and their wages are often lower than those of the hearing population. They are forced with he stark choice of attending local school, where they are likely to fail unless efforts are made to include them, or go without formal education.
To cater for the handicapped people, special education programs are designed those students who are mentally, physically, socially and/or emotionally delayed. This aspect of “delay” broadly categorized as a developmental delay, signify an aspect of child’s overall development (physical, cognitive, scholastic skills) which place them behind their peers. Due to these special requirements, student’s needs cannot be met within the traditional classroom environments. Special education programme and services adopt content, teaching methodology and delivery instruction to meet the appropriate needs of each child. These services are of no cost to the family and are available to children until they reach 21 years of age.
The Education for all Handicapped Act (EHA) was amended in 1997 and is now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The amendments made in IDEA provide children and youth with disabilities access to a higher quality of education related services, ensuring all students have the complete access to the most appropriate education within the least restrictive environment. This law provided local and statewide support and protection to children and youth with disabilities, as well as their families. Under EHA, all public schools were granted federal funding that provided equal access to education for children with physical and/or mental disabilities. Schools were required to evaluate children and create an educational plan that paralleled the academic experience of their non-disabled peers. EHA requirements also provided parents and families the necessary support systems to ensure their child received appropriate and adequate services, along with the services needed to dispute decisions made on behalf of the child.
A leading proponent of technology in learning impaired education, has found that the use of information technology adaptation for the deaf falls in four main areas;
– Information Technologies are learning tools which include computer that provide word processing, data base management, spreadsheet, and simple programming language. The computer assisted learning application can include adapted keyboard, voice synthesis and control for other devices.
– Computers are living tools for hearing impaired student to manipulate the environment and include voice synthesis, communication software for the non-verbal and optical scanners.
– Information technology as vocational tools includes the use of computer in the work place. As our society change from an industrial to information based, more tools are changing to be some form of computers.
– Information technology as recreational tools to expand the ability of hearing impaired students to engage in appropriate recreational activities. Hearing impaired students can play game with the able on equal footing.
Conclusively, as information and communication technology has a greater significance in the education of the hearing impaired learners to make them at the same rate with their counterparts.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Regardless of how people felt about the hearing impaired, most would agree that they are lucky to be coping with the hearing loss today, rather than in the past. Most would also agree that one of the big reason for these feelings is that the technologically advancement of the past few years are of great benefits to hearing impaired persons.
From computers to cochlea implants to hair cell generation, technology to assist person with hearing loss has exploded in recent year and would likely to continue to explode in the future.
Some impacts of ICT on the education of hearing impaired students are;
Through the use of ICT, student with hearing impairment will develop an appropriate level of capability, become more engaged with their own learning.
It will assist the learners with hearing impairment to learn, work and live successfully in a knowledge-based global society.
It will help the learners with hearing impairment to involve in similar learning activities as other students.
1.3 Research Question
Can information and communication technology improve the academic achievement of learners with hearing impairment?
Does information and communication technology influence the academic achievement of students with hearing impairment?
How do the hearing impaired individual respond to ICT training?
What are the attitudes of parents and governments towards ICT in the education of hearing impaired students?
What would be the level of communication of ICT to hearing impaired person?
1.4 Purpose of the Study
The purpose and objectives of this study are as follows:
To know the effect of ICT in the educational achievement of students with hearing impairment.
To enrich and facilitate the learning experiences of hearing impaired students with the use of ICT
To know the importance of ICT in the education of students with hearing impairment.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of the study are briefly stated below;
The result of this research work would be extremely useful and also form a medium to be reckoned in the education of students with hearing impairment.
The outcome of this study will enlighten and encourage the hearing impaired students in various ways through which ICT would assist them in their language development.
The result of this work would determine ameliorate some of the problems being faced by the hearing impaired students in the use of ICT for their day- to-day teaching and learning.
It would also help the hearing impaired students in choosing ICT as a course of study for self-sustenance and self-reliance in the nearest future.
It would also assist government to provide adequate funding to improve on the provision of needs of ICT gadgets to special schools.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study is aimed at finding out the use of information and communication technology in the education of hearing impaired students.
In the process of this, the researchers would sample two(2) special schools in this area so as to get authentic information about the importance of information and communication technology.
The school covered but this study is restricted to Durbar Grammar school and School for the handicapped Oyo respectively.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Communication: Is the process through which information of ideas, facts knowledge or message are transmitted from one sources to another.
Education: Is the act or process of impacting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life.
Hearing Impairment: The term “Hearing Impaired” is a technically accurate description of someone who is hard of hearing or who has no hearing.
Information Technology: Is the study or use of systems especially computers and telecommunication for storing, retrieving, and sending information.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT): It refers to all the technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audio visual processing and transmission systems and network-based control and monitoring functions.
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON THE DELINQUENT BEHAVIOUR OF STUDENTS IN KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERTNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE
ABSTRACT
This study is carried out to examine the effect of parental socio-economic status on the delinquent behavior of students in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State. This therefore has called for a need to find out the main causes of delinquent behavior among secondary school students and recommended ways by which delinquency can be reduced in the schools. The data for this study were collected from a sample population of one hundred and twenty respondents, thirty students from four different secondary schools comprising of both males and females. The instrument used was questionnaire and it contained twenty four questions which are on the causes of delinquent behavior among secondary school students. Four research questions were asked. The result of the study revealed that delinquent behavior among secondary schools students are caused by several factors. These include the parental socio-economic status, the influence of mass-media, home-related factors and the influence of parental occupational background. Likely solutions were proffered to ameliorate this social menace.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
There have been several reports and comments by the parents, school authorities and government, about delinquent behaviors being exhibited by adolescents in secondary schools all over the world.
The word delinquent according to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary see it as not a serious crime which is usually committed by young people (i.e. teenagers). These delinquent acts include; stealing, lying, truancy, fighting, absenteeism from school etc. It is therefore no doubt that these delinquent acts have affected the nation as a whole. According to the philosophy of Nigeria Education which is derived from main national objectives plan that there are…
Objectives in the building of the national development are as follows but few of them are mention, which are:
A free and democratic society
A just and egalitarian society
United, strong and self-reliant nation.
A great and dynamic economy
A land full of bright opportunities for all citizens etc.
Osokoya (1987) remarked that a nation that has her adolescent as delinquent cannot achieve all the above national objectives. The relationship between the parents’ socio-economic status and delinquency cannot be over-emphasized. This relationship really exists among the adolescents of various academic institutions. Following the idea of Manweber, which states that the socio-economic status is usually measured by the wealth a man possesses. For instance, assets like cars, buildings, investments etc. All these including the job or business which a man does are used to assess a person’s level of socio-economic standard, level or status.
In studying the socio-economic status of any given individual, sociologists have therefore often relied on socio-economic indices, such as occupation, level of education and income. Based on all or one of these indicators, the various socio-classes are usually organized into hierarchal structure.
Students from high socio-economic status enjoy better living conditions. That is, they are provided with the necessary things of life such as good food, proper clothing, library, decent and comfortable accommodations and other facilities that can aid academic achievements. Also students from middle class are fairly provided with the above facilities that can also promote academic performance. But on the contrary, students from the low socio-economic class are provided with little or none of these facilities or materials mentioned above, of which will lead to the students performing below expectation and thereby generates into delinquent behaviors in order to survive.
Similarly, parental socio-economic status could embrace the following like the income of the parents, the educational background, the number of wives being acquired by the father, the type of home the parents live in, inherited properly such as land, buildings, etc. Also possession of electrical gadgets such as television, stereo video, refrigerator, air conditioner etc. All these consist of what could be regarded as the parental socio-economic status.
Other factor influencing delinquent behavior includes broken homes, peer group, the mass media, the school related factor, parent’s type of occupation and so on. It is due to these summed up factors and its negative effect on our society as a whole that raised our interest on this topic. The rate at which our adolescents take to delinquent acts in an alarming rate has to be checked. The solution has to be suggested in order to erase or reduce to a reasonable rate in our secondary schools.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The fallen standard of morality at home, school and the general society is an issue that draws a lot of concern to various individual who have the various sectors of human organization in mind. This is because “sin is a reproach to every nation” This issue draws a lot of concern to every responsible individual in the society. It is common to see youngsters in the school and society break a constituted authority rules, right from the home and graduated into the wider society. This propels the researchers to set machinery in place to investigate the root of such unwanted behaviour in our society and the nation in general this is because if nothing is done about it, our highly esteemed African Culture and values will be thrown in to the trash by the younger generation, making our society to be lawless and our streets will eventually turn to a place of vagabonds.
1.3PURPOSE OF STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of Delinquency behavior among adolescent students in the selected secondary school in Kaduna south local government area of Kaduna state.
Specifically the research work seeks:
to find out some causes of delinquent behavior in Kaduna south Municipal
to establish a relationship between socio-economic status and delinquent behavior among secondary school students in Kaduna south Municipal Council
to establish the impact of mass-media on delinquent behavior of secondary school students.
to investigate if home-related factors and influence of parental occupations leads to delinquent behavior of secondary school students.
to find out if the problem in some selected secondary school is peculiar to other areas.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions have been formulated to guide the study;
What are the major causes of delinquency in secondary schools?
What is the effect of parental socio-economic status on the delinquent behavior among secondary school students?
What are the roles of mass-media as a factor of delinquent behavior among secondary school students?
How do the home-related factor and the influence of parental occupation affect the delinquent behavior of secondary school students?
How can the problems of delinquent behavior among secondary school students be minimized?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The study will test the following null hypotheses at the 0.05 significant levels.
Ho1= There is no significant difference in the delinquent behavior of students from high socio-economic status and low economic status.
Ho2= There is no significant difference in the behavior of students who are exposed to the influence of Mass-Media and those who are not exposed.
Ho3= There is no significant deference in the acquisition of delinquent behavior of students from broken homes and those from stable home.
Ho4= There is no significant difference in the relationship between the parents’ occupation and delinquent behavior of students.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study w be was based on the effect of socio-economic status of parents on the behavior of students in secondary schools. It will help the teachers, parents, educational psychologist and administrators to understand better, why some students engage in delinquent acts.
It will also give suggestions on how parents and teachers could improve their social relationship with the students so as to provide more effective and realistic direction on the cultivation of accepted code of conduct and behavior which are more appropriate and conforming within the society in question.
It will also help the government to as well know the causes and effect of delinquent behaviors among adolescent students with specific reference to parental socio-economic status and hence plan adequately for educational improvement.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study is primarily concerned with the parental socio-economic status and its effect on delinquent behavior. The study is carried out in Kaduna south Municipal Council in Kaduna State. The study covers the causes, effect of mass-media, broken homes and socio-economic status of parent. The study covers four selected secondary schools within Kaduna Municipal Council. There will be no personal interview.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Juvenile: A young child or young person who is not yet old enough to be regarded as an adult.
Delinquency: Maladjusted behavior that breaks constituted authority rule.
Juvenile Delinquency: Vandalism and other criminal behavior that is committed by young people who are not old enough to be legally considered as adult.
Adolescents: Young people who are no longer children but have not yet become adults.
Statutory: Is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city or country.
Truancy: The act or condition of being absent without permission especially from school.
Proactive: Controlling a situation by making things happens rather than waiting for this to happen and then reacting to them.
AVAILABILITY AND USE OF SERIALS COLLECTIONS BY STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNICS AUCHI AND DELTA STATE POLYTECHNICS OGHARA)
ABSTRACT
This research work investigated availability and use of serial collections by students in Federal Polytechnic Auchi and Delta State Polytechnic Otefe-Oghara. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents for the study. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentage. The result of the findings revealed that the serial collections are available in the library. Journals 67(74.4%), newsletter 73(81.1%), magazine 85(94.4%), CD-ROM 90(100%), and yearbook directories 74(82.2%), are most use by respondents. The findings also revealed that the purpose of respondents (students) using serial collections is for examination 90(100%), research 75(83.3%), assignment 61(67.8%), and to get current information 83(92.2%). It was then noted that the challenges faced by students while using serial collections are lack of borrowing facilities in the serial section 80(88.9%), poor attitude of the staff to students 81(90%), inadequate reading facilities in the serial section 90(100%), and power failure/interruption 83(92.2%). In the light of the findings from this study, the researcher concluded that a large percentage of the population were very aware of serials like newspapers, journals and magazines available and makes use of these serials adequately. It was therefore recommended that library management should expedite action on the online data entry because when it is fully accomplished, it will facilitate quick and easy information access in the serials library.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
The basic purpose of an academic library is to provide sufficient information for making informed decisions by users. Academic libraries normally provide for educational needs of students, to support the teaching staff in their teaching role and provide for research activities of both the students and teaching staff. The academic library collections must reflect the subject interests of the institutions. It must also be adequate in terms of quality, quantity and variety. The library does this through useful selection and acquisition of materials for teaching learning and research; process and organization of the materials for easy retrieval: and dissemination of information about the collections and encourages their active exploitation.
Library is an educational tool, which constitutes important components in the infrastructure of knowledge in institution research and teaching, particularly to make information accessible to the students. Library’s operations are divided into various sections, which include; Reference section, Technical section, and Serials section etc. The importance of serial collections to students in institution of higher learning such as the polytechnic cannot be overemphasized particularly in academic and university libraries. This is so, because the library resources provide the users with up-to-date information resources that can assist them in their academic pursuit especially in research and learning.
Meanwhile, serials have historically and presently focused on the provision of current or up-to-date information in general or specific fields of study, this is one of the reasons why according to Woodward (2009) it constitutes a major part of the collection of academic libraries and also accounts for a large sum of the library expenditure, the academic library inclusive. The academic library is an integral part of tertiary institutions and accounts for majority of the information material holdings of a tertiary institution, serving all and sundry especially staff and students of a tertiary institution. To further underline the importance of the academic library to a tertiary institution, Kwampong (2000) stated that the academic library is the heart and aorta of any academic institution, he went further to state that the health and effectiveness of any academic institution depends on the state of health of the library in that academic institution. The academic library therefore, cannot claim to be the determining factor for the state of excellence of its parent body i.e. the institution where it is situated, if it cannot provide the immediate needs of individuals in that institution, which it can only do through the provision of information materials. Immediate needs as the name implies refers to current information gaps that individuals have identified during the course of their activities on a specific field of study, therefore, the academic library is obligated to be current in its holdings so as to fill immediate information gaps as they are discovered. If immediate needs are not meet, the academic library is considered to be inert and moribund which results in an inert and moribund academic institution and automatically low standard of excellence for patrons the academic library serves especially undergraduates.
Apart from books, serials form a vital part of the academic library’s collection for meeting the immediate needs of patrons in its community especially undergraduates for the purpose of this study. Academic libraries acquire, process and make serials available to its patrons who are usually undergraduates through continuous subscription. Serial are usually treated separately in libraries i.e. they are acquired, processed and disseminated separately due to rate of subscription and peculiarity of its nature. The unit responsible for serials management is the serials unit, which was described by Oni (2004) as the unit responsible for serials operations. Osborn (2000) defined serials as a printed work that appears regularly, founded with the expectation of unlimited duration, which is not predominantly concerned with events of the day or else it pays attention only to the latest development in a special field. In addition to this, Harold (2007) describes serials as any publication bearing either chronological or numerical designations issued in successive parts, appearing at intervals and as a rule, intended to be continued indefinitely. The definitions above not only describe serials literature but also underlay the major importance of serials: providing current information. This importance is very essential to the relevance of the academic library to its immediate community and the general population. Kinds of serials include journals, newspapers, newsletters, proceedings, transactions of societies and other periodicals like abstracts and indexes. These types of serials vary in content and interval of appearance. Daily Newspapers constitute the highest rate of issues because of its daily publications, but it doesn’t provide information on specific fields of study, it takes a little of everything in one issue. Unlike journals, that will not be published daily but focuses on the specifics in a field of study. Serials are usually in print formats but with the advent of information technology, serials are not computerized appearing in e-formats.
A brief look at the origin of serials show that, according to Osborn (2000), serials can be traced back to the period when annals where written on the tombs of Egyptian kings during the first dynasty. This is no surprise as the growth of papyrus started along the Nile River in Egypt, papyrus being a paper-like material was a major landmark in the history of writing and ultimately the beginning of serials. As time evolved, other notable inventions such as the moveable types by Johannes Gutenberg, typewriters, and of course computers have facilitated the development and use of serials up to the 2000s when serials and the internet were compliments of one another. Undergraduate students are an integral part of the university community. They form the “receiving” members of the university community, while the lecturers and other staff form the “giving” members of the university community. This makes learning the most important issue. A brief look at the origin of serials show that, according to Osborn (2000), serials can be traced back to the period when annals where written on the tombs of Egyptian kings during the first dynasty. This is no surprise as the growth of papyrus started along the Nile River in Egypt, papyrus being a paper-like material was a major landmark in the history of writing and ultimately the beginning of serials. As time evolved, other notable inventions such as the moveable types by Johannes Gutenberg, typewriters, and of course computers have facilitated the development and use of serials up to the 2000s when serials and the internet were compliments of one another. Undergraduate students are an integral part of the university community. They form the “receiving” members of the university community, while the lecturers and other staff form the “giving” members of the university community. This makes learning the most important issue for undergraduates. As the “receiving” group, undergraduates are expected to use information usually based on specific courses of study for assignments, reports, presentations, seminars, and final year projects, this is encouraged and expected of the undergraduate for excellent performance. The academic library located in the university should be open to undergraduates for the use of its serials, as serials are vital information materials providing the latest in a field of study and suiting the needs of the learning group, which will always have immediate needs. This is supported by Fayose (2005) when he stated that serials are very useful because they are the most up-to-date materials in the library and that articles in serials are written by experts in the field, making them reliable and precise. Although, even with the enormous benefits of serials to the academic performance of undergraduates, it seems undergraduates do not recognize this, or they ignore the benefits they can derive from the use of serials and some cases the few undergraduates who are interested in the use of serials are denied access, a brief look at some findings show this.
The explosion of knowledge and publications of all kinds, conventional or non-conventional, means the universe of materials has grown much larger. One very important set of library materials in the library is serials. A serial is a publication in any medium issued in successive parts and intended to be continued indefinitely. This definition includes periodicals, newspapers, annuals (reports, yearbooks directories, etc., journals, and memoirs proceedings, transactions of societies, monographic series, and unnumbered series. The Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (1988) define serial as a ‘continuing resource issued in a succession of discrete parts usually bearing numbering that has no predetermined conclusion for example, print and electronics journal, magazines, continuing directories, annual reports, newspapers and monographic serves’.
This is why authors such as Attama and Ezema (2002) defined serials as publications issued in successive parts, appearing at intervals bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to continued indefinitely. The term thus embraces such materials as periodicals, magazines, annuals which include reports, yearbooks, directories, proceedings, and transactions etc. Serials formed the backbone of research collections as a result academic libraries cannot do without it because of the usefulness to researchers, scholars, and investigators. They see serial collections as sine qua non to the development of research activities in academic environment.
The Library serial collection/material was established to serve the Polytechnic libraries. It coordinates the collections and services of the polytechnic Library. The administration of the Library System is centralized under the polytechnic Librarian. The last years have been a period of rapid growth, with the printed book collection now well stocked. The Library stocks other items as well as current periodical titles. The virtual Library will be available to the polytechnic students and staff online 24/7 via the Internet, regardless of the user’s physical location.
Serials are essential tool of teaching and research in academic endeavor and remain a potential tool for dissemination of knowledge .It is in support of this that Attama and Ezema (2002) stated the importance of serials in academic environment particularly for undergraduate students, which include the followings:
Serial provide up –to -date information on any issue than textbooks.
It supplies scientific and discoveries and results of latest findings.
It makes researchers frequent and current in the frontiers of knowledge.
It provides a first hand and detailed information on a particular subject and also it provides empirical evidence on issue being treated.
According to Okiy (2008) the serials constitute an important part of the resources of an academic library because, they provide the latest information on research and current affairs. For this reason, it is necessary for the serials division to be as complete in its holdings as possible in order to support the teaching, learning, recreations and research programmes of the University. The serials collection is made up of both current and backsets of periodicals for lecturers and students to access within the library but cannot be borrowed for home reading. Ogbomo (2000) defines serials as “a publication issued in successive parts, usually at regular intervals and as a rule, intended to be continued indefinitely”. Serials include journals, magazines, bulletins and newsletters, proceedings learned societies and associations etc. they may be published daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly etc the search for information on any subject in an academic library must include the examination of serial publication because they current information about new ideas or discoveries and keep researchers abreast of growth of knowledge in their areas of investigation.
In the selection and acquisition of materials, the serials librarian and collection development librarian work closely with the university librarian. However, the libraries welcome recommendations from patrons and faculty lecturers. Broadus (2001) asserts that Selection must be given due importance because funds are always limited, the available money should be spent wisely to meet the needs of users towards fulfilling the objectives of supporting, teaching, learning and research needs of the University. The serial Liberian should be able to satisfy the patrons by selecting and acquiring their immediate and anticipated needs. Collection management involves managing the use of library collection, its storage, its organisation and making it accessible to users. The process of collection management has become very challenging and complex. As observed by Friend (2000), basic collection management activities include analysis of user needs, inter and intra-library communication, policy development, budgeting and allocation of resources, contract negotiations, macro-evaluations of collection, micro-evaluation for selection, relegation, preservation or withdrawal of stock and system evaluation. So this study intend to find out the availability and use of serial resources by students in tertiary institutions.
Historical Background Of Federal Polytechnic Auchi
Federal Polytechnic Library, Auchi, Edo State is a federal polytechnic library and was established in 1973 by the federal government of Nigeria as a result of federal government efforts to produced technicians, craftsmen, middle and skilled manpower that will help to bring about nation’s economy. The extent law establishing it assigns to the institution the task of producing well trained and highly skilled middle level manpower for the national economy in the areas of engineering technology, science environmental studies, Management studies and Art & Design. The permanent site of the Library is opposite the famous Imo lecture Hall (School of Business). The current building was completed in the year 2000 and commenced services to public in 2001. The Federal Polytechnic Auchi Library has different sections which include: the technical section (acquisition, classifying and cataloguing) circulation section, Administration leaders service, serial section and the andio-visual section. It also has the reprographic section which has different machines for the reproduction of Library materials. The library users the library of congress classification scheme which has mixed notation. The Polytechnic Library stores, a collection of materials relevant to student of the institution teaching and non-teaching staff and people living around Auchi who are carrying out research. Presently, the Library has about 38 staffs.
Delta State Polytechnic Oghara and Federal Polytechnic Auchi libraries are situated at different strategies places in the institutions. Their collection cut-across print and non-print media. They houses information materials in different fields of study namely: engineering, agriculture, computer and information technology, Business Administration etc. These libraries are divided into various units namely collection development unit, technical unit, circulation unit, reference unit, serial unit and audiovisual unit (ICT unit). These units provides different services ranging from current awareness services, research and bibliographic services, bindery services, registration of users, charging and discharging services, reference services all are being set up to meet the information needs of the users etc.
Historical Background Of Delta State Polytechnic, Oghara
Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara was established through a bill that was signed into law by Governor James Onanefe Ibori in November 2002. This is the result of a partnership between the Delta State Ministry of Education and Westminster University, London. The partnership gave birth to the Delta State Higher Education Project (DSHEP). Located in the agricultural town of Otefe in Ethiope West Local Government Area of Delta State.
Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara is a manifestation of an excellently conceptualized and articulated vision delivered for the benefit of humanity for entrepreneurial acquisition and advancement. The motto of technology for entrepreneurship underscores the fact of talent and technology skills advancement as tool for critical wealth creation. It therefore explains the role of entrepreneurial and technological skills in creating the abilities, courage, capabilities and managerial competences necessary for economic growth and wealth creation within and beyond Delta State. The mandate of the Polytechnic is to train and empower graduates who will be highly successful professionals armed with all the sufficient skills that are critical to the work place of the 21st century. The aim is to achieve the
Status of excellence in computing and information technology (I.T)
Qualitative training in specific areas of technology and entrepreneurship as a way of providing opportunity for students to take advantage of their inherent talent and theoretical skills to generate needed entrepreneurial ventures and wealth.
Acquisition of entrepreneurship training and technology education, which forms the bedrock for industrialization, growth, development and wealth creation. This in turn will help all Nigerians and the global communities as students create industries and jobs associated with their skills.
The Government of Delta State reached an understanding with the University of Westminster, London to assist in management and technical support for the institutions. The institutions are centres of excellence in Agriculture, Computing and Information Technology, Fashion Design and Arts and Sports. Besides their primary areas of specialization, all students are trained in Computing and Information Technology as well as business and entrepreneurship.
The Otefe-Oghara polytechnic has school that offer National Diplomas in Business Studies (Accountancy, Banking and Finance and Business Administration), Computing and I.T (Computer Science and Statistics) and Engineering (Computer Engineering, Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering). It also has a School of Preliminary Studies that introduces all students to basic Business Studies and Science Technology.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Students in the polytechnic community are mainly concerned with one major pre-occupation: learning. Learning in tertiary institutions therefore, goes beyond class lectures or the traditional lecturer-student interaction in class. Students are expected to conduct research for immediate needs such as continuous assignment and assessment test, further reading apart from class notes, presentations and ultimately final year projects which serials are capable of providing information for. However, these students have unlimited access to serials in the academic libraries and even the internet. Researchers have shown that high price of subscription to serials both print and online, budget cuts by polytechnic management, lack of internet access, inadequate basic search skills, ignorance and so on are the major challenges. These challenges in turn bounce back on the students in Nigeria and this seems to be affecting academic performance and overall knowledge standard, this as well escalates to affect the educational standard of the entire nation. The role of academic libraries, open access journals and other sources for current serials is to provide students with immediate information needs. However, there appears to be lack of access to these serials or restriction to their use.
Moreso, in developed countries, use of serial library resources is easy because of it availability nature, but in developing countries like Nigeria, available literature and the researcher’s personal experience have shown a low use of serial resources in library by the students because of the observed inadequacies and lack of knowledge of their availability by the students. It is against this background that this study investigates the availability and use of serials library resources by students in the two polytechnic (Delta State Polytechnic and Federal Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Objectives of the study are to:
Identify the types of serial collections available in polytechnic
To find out the extent at which polytechnic students make use of serial collections
Examine the purpose for the use of serial collections by polytechnic students
Identify the challenges facing the use of serial collections by polytechnic students
Find out probable solutions to the challenges facing the use of serial collections by polytechnic students
1.4 Research Questions
What are the types of serial collections available for students in polytechnics?
To what extent do polytechnic students use serial collection?
For what purpose do polytechnic students use serial collections?
What are the challenges facing the use of serial collections by polytechnic students?
What are the solutions to the challenges facing the use of serial collections by polytechnic students?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study is essential because it is hoped to provide an insight into availability and use of serial library resources by students in Federal Polytechnic, Auchi and Delta State Polytechnic, Oghara. The study would reveal the effect of non-availability and low usage of serial library resources by students. The recommendations that may be given would be important to our government policy makers at the federal, state and local state levels.
The study will provide lecturers, school authorities and government the dangers and damage of non-availability of serial library resources and it effect on the academic performance or achievement of students. Finally, it shall serve as a veritable source of information on issues of serials library resources, also, school authorities would find the finding of this study useful. They could use them to detect and prevent such symptoms that are likely to head students’ low academic performance in the selected tertiary institutions
1.6 Scope Of The Study
This study is restricted to the availability and use of serial resources by students in Federal Polytechnic Auchi and Delta State polytechnic Oghara Libraries only.
1.7 Limitation Of The Study
The project work of this kind cannot come up without some limitations. The major limitations of the study is finance, limited time at researcher’s disposal, and because of these limitations, this study was only able to select two polytechnics in Edo State. Despite these limitations, due care was taken not to sacrifice quality and in-depth of this study on the iota of time, data and money.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Below is the definition of the contextual use of terms in the study:
Library: A Library is a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or the members of an institution.
Serial: A publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological designation and intended to be continued indefinitely.
Serial Collections: This is the action or process of collecting a publication that is issued in successive parts. Examples are periodicals, magazines, journals, newspapers, annual reports, and series. Journal and periodical are terms also used to describe such publications.
Use: An act that brings something into services for a particular purpose.
Availability: This is the quality of being able to be used or obtained.
Periodicals: Periodicals are form of magazines or newspaper published at regular intervals.
Virtual Library: A Virtual Library is a collection of resources available on one or more computer systems, where a single interface or entry point to the collections is provided
Internet: The internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS ON THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL DEVIANCE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
This study is designed to find out and examine the perception of students on the impact of social deviance on academy performance. A summary method was used for the study. 60 respondents (41 Male and 19 Female) were included in the study and they were student of Kaduna Polytechnic. College of Administrative Studies and Social Science. The first chapter discuses the background of the study, statement of the problem. Objective of the study, research question, significant of the study, scope/limitation of the study, the second chapter deals with literature review, the chapter three deals with method of data collection, the questionnaire is the basic instrument for data collection. The chapter four consists of data presentation and analysis, of the finding which is through the questionnaire. The concluding chapter of the research work which is chapter five, the summary, conclusion and recommendation and advice for further studies as for summary, recommendation will help both the lecturer and the school authority, the parents the government, and the students.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Deviant behavior is a diverse and multidimensional concept. Usually two types of deviant behavior are distinguished: a) externalizing – marked by behavioral problems such as aggression, opposite behavior, conduct problem behavior, vandalism, robbery, and other kinds that may lead to unlawful acts; and b) internalizing – referring to emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, stress, withdrawal, somatic complaints and depression Achenbach (2000). Not only does deviant behavior have a negative impact on children’s psychosocial adjustment and development, but it may also disturb the school environment and disorganize the flow of educational process McNamara (2001).
Academic performance is defined as student’s progress, understood as the level of learning, comprehension and consolidation of the school curriculum Syngollitou (2003). Academic achievement is influenced by many psychological, family, school, and social factors.
Educational attainment is very important to future opportunities and many students look for much higher educational goals (schineider and Stevenson, 1999). Inequality of chances to achieve educational goals. (Hochchild and Scovronicity, 2003) and the school achievement gap associated with religion, raced ethnicity and gender in Africa society. Students who have high academic achievement are less likely to involve or indulge or engage in delinquent behavior than those who have lower academic achievement (Elliott and Voss, 1974; Henggler, 1989).
Students who have unsuccessful experiences in school are more likely to be involved/dingle in delinquent behavior such as dropping out of school (Voelkets et al., 1999) there are many risk factors for school dropout. These can be categorized into social and academic risk factors. Students at risk for dropout based on academic risk factors are those who often have a history of absenteeism and grade retention, academic trouble, and more general disengagement from school life. School grade are the most reliable predictors for student delinquent behavior focuses on:
Student role performance factors
School environment factors
Family factors and
Peer factors
Student Role Performance (SRP); factor is how well an individual fulfils the role of a student in an education setting. Sex, race, school effort, extra-curricular activities, time spent on homework, deviance disabilities and class preparation are all-important influences on SRP and have been shown to affect test scores.
School Environment Factors; such as school size, school rules and school problems, neighborhood and relationship between teachers and students also influence test scores (Crosnoe, Johnson, and Elder 2004).
Family Factor; One’s family background has also been found to influence student test score. Research has found that socio-economic status, parental involvement, and family size are particularly important family factors (Majorbanks 1996).
Peer Group; Peer influence can also affect student performance. Peer pressure and peer conformity can lead to an individual participating in risk-taking behaviours which have been found to have a negative, indirect effect on test scores (Santor, Messervey and Kusumaker 2000).
Research is still being done to see which comes first, the deviant behavior or low grades. Jessor, Bos, Vanderryn, Costa, et al., (1995) performed a study looking at the risk factors that can affect deviant behavior. When controlling for the demographics of gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status and grade, they found that low GPA is a significant risk factors liked to deviance (P<0.01). This supports the idea that having a low grade point average can be risk factors that leads to problem behavior. In their study of the pathways between self-esteem and academic performance, Liu, Kaplan, and Risser (1992) found that self-esteem had a significant negative impact on deviance, which had an inverse direct effect on motivation.
This is directly tied to academic performance (P<0.05). This deviance has an indirect effect on academic achievement through motivation. Kasen, Cohen, and Brook (1998) found that antisocial behavior, the risk of dropping out, and committing a crime all decline with higher academic achievement. First, a discussion of some of the dysfunctional aspects of deviant behaviour of students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. These dysfunctional aspects of deviant behaviour can be broken down into four categories:
Students and Examination Malpractices
An example of deviant behaviour exhibited by students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria comes in the shape of examination malpractice. Examination malpractice refers to cheating in examinations designed to get unearned marks and pass examinations.
Students and Secret Cults
Fear is a powerful psychological energizer; it can also be a great demobilizer. Members of secret cults seem to understand and appreciate the impact of this elementary psychology and do indeed use it to the fullest. An important aspect of this operation, therefore, is to strike fear and terror into the minds of fellow students in order to destabilize and demobilize them. Their victims are thus dehumanized and terrorized to submission.
Students and Violence
Violence perpetrated by students in times of students unrest has been a long-standing feature of Nigerian tertiary institutions. A number of reasons can be adduced for students’ resort to violence in pressing their demands. Foremost among them is that there is the thinking among students that ultimatum and violence or threats of it are the only ‘language’ to which the authorities can be compelled to listen.
STUDENTS UNREST
Student’s unrest is not a new phenomenon in Nigeria. It began in the 1960s and has remained unabated, with the spate of crises in recent times. It is now more of a yearly phenomenon, a ritual that must be conducted before the end of each academic session. Students’ unrest involves mass rally/ demonstration, boycott of lecturers, barricade of entrances and exists to campus, chanting of war songs, display of placards, confrontation with the police and sometimes destruction of property.
As mentioned earlier, deviant behaviour also has positive values. A look at history confirms this statement. For instance, modem science emerged only when men felt free to question the doctrine of Aristotle and the Church. Socrates challenged the basic beliefs of the Greek society of his time; his particular sin was that he believed that correct action implied correct thought.
This study examines the relationships between deviance and the test scores of Student role performance factor are been seen bellow:
Deviant students achieve lower test scores than non-deviant students net of other factors.
Minority students are more likely to achieve lower test scores net of other factors.
Students who attend extra-curricular activities achieve higher test scores net of other factors.
Students who spend more time on homework are more likely achieve higher test scores net of other factors.
Students who come to class prepared will achieve higher test scores net of other factors.
As school disruptions increase, test scores decreases net of other factors.
As school problems increase, test scores decrease net of other factors.
As SES increases, test scores increase net of other factors.
Students who have fewer numbers of siblings are more likely to receive higher test scores net of other factors.
Students who communicate with their parents more often are more likely to achieve higher test scores net of other factors.
This study showed that those who are deviant do not tend to attain test scores as high as those of students who are non-deviant. The research also showed that within high conflict school setting there is a high proportion of deviant youth (P<0.001).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study is to investigate the impact of social deviance on academic performance. Deviance in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviours that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules (e.g, crime), as well as informal violation of social norms e.g, rejecting folkways and mores.
The failure to conform to the customary norms of a community or society is what is known as social deviance. Social deviance is the violation of the societal or organizational norms, expectations, and values. It is the failure to conform to the conventional ways of doing things in the society or an organization. Social deviances are in different dimension. For example, juvenile delinquency, corruption, drug abuse, alcoholism, prostitutions, immorality, crime, dressing code and exams malpractice etc. these deviant behaviours manifestation constitute also major social problems on academic performance. Previous research revealed that deviant students will have lower test scores than non-deviant students who. Elliott and Voss (1994) and Henggler (1989) mentions that students who have high academic achievement are less likely to indulge in delinquent behavior than those who have lower academic achievement.
The upsurge of deviant behaviours in the Nigeria society is a matter of concern to all and has engendered research for its not causes. Some people attributed it to nature and the civil war of (1967-1970) which lives and properties were last thereby rendering some children orphans and homeless exposing them to various types of criminal activities consequently upon the take of parental control.
The deviant behaviour which followed the war among others include abuse of drugs, corruption and stealing and some area where the population was near extirpation due to death and diseases of the time, comities encouraged free interactions of boys and girls for procreation to prevent the communities from being extinct. The problem now arises because some teenager feels that such male and female relationship should remain a permanent norm of life in their communities. Scholars, researchers should have understood and seek out solutions to this ugly trend over the years. The researcher therefore is of the opinion that there are perhaps serious factors that bring about increase in deviant behaviours in Nigerian schools environment.
This is the more so considering the huge investment which both the Federal and State Governance should make in education and health sectors to produce a virile future generation. It is fundamental therefore to determine the influence of deviant behavior on the academic performance of secondary school student.
These acts have in no small measures being responsible for the rate of mental instability of youth who are expected to be good citizens and leaders of tomorrow in the society has been completely ruined in the school in which most o f them (students) acquired or learned it from individual factors such as gender, participation in extra-curricular activities, time spent on homework, and class preparation and behaviors from the peer groups as well as school environment factors such as family socio-economic status, the influence of siblings and family communication.
The questions someone may stand to ask are:
Is it actually the peer group that makes students to deviate from the school rules and regulations?
What prompt the students to join such groups?
How does a particular group mould their behaviours?
Is it actually the factors/child upbringing that makes students to deviate in the school or society?
To understand the full dynamic of deviant behavior with due emphasis on groups influence, it is necessary to find answers to the following problems/punishment:
What socio-cultural conditions are most likely to produce social deviance?
Why do people continue to deviate despite the negative sanctions that are brought to bear on them?
What benefit or otherwise do they derived?
How can deviance best be minimized or controlled?
This study therefore, aims at investigating perception of students on the impact of social deviance on academic performance.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the research are on the perception of students on the impact of social deviance on academic performance.
To identify the causes of social deviance among students
To find out the types of deviance behaviours that is being practiced by students.
Examine how deviant students can be helped.
To find out the impact of social deviance on academic performance.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the causes of social deviance among students?
What are the types of deviant behaviours that are practiced by the students?
What are the ways to examine how deviance students can be help?
What are the impacts of social deviance on academic performance of students?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study cannot be over-emphasized because it is belief that the finding will be beneficial to individual parents and institutional agent (e.g teachers, administrators), government and future researchers.
The individual parents will find the finding of the study useful as it will reveal or exposes their weakness on their part and ways to handle their children so as to stop them indulging/involving in any forms of social deviance. And the institutional agent will find it easy to defined appropriate classroom behaviors.
The findings will also help the government agencies to put the necessary infrastructure facilities and to come up with good policies that will eradicate/minimized or controlled the involvement of students in social deviance/deviant acts. The work or study will like to carryout study on the subject matter.
Lastly, the study is in partial fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma in social Development department, college of Administrative studies and social sciences (CASSS) Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna.
1.6 SCOPE/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research is therefore, pertinent to point out that because of time, space and financial constraints; the work/study is delimited/ restricted to the college of administrative studies and social sciences (CASSS), department of social development ND II students, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna. And also restricted to perception of students on the impact of social deviance on academic performance.
The study will not cover whole department and as such, it is restricted/delimited to ND II students of department of social development.
IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION ON DISABLED STUDENTS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS
IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION ON DISABLED STUDENTS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS
